Qhov kub kub alloy yog dab tsi
High-temperature alloys muab faib ua peb hom khoom: 760 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv, 1200 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv thiab 1500 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv, nrog ib tug tensile zog ntawm 800MPa. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws hais txog cov khoom siv hlau kub kub uas ua haujlwm ntev ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 760--1500 degree thiab nyob rau hauv qee yam mob. Lawv muaj lub zog kub kub zoo heev, ua haujlwm zoo rau oxidation thiab kub corrosion, kev ua haujlwm zoo qaug zog, tawg toughness thiab lwm yam khoom zoo. Nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau cov khoom kub-kawg ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov neeg siv roj turbine xyaw.
High-temperature alloys yog siv los tsim cov khoom kub xws li turbine blades, blades, turbine discs, high-pressure gas turbine discs thiab combustion chambers for aviation, naval thiab industrial gas turbines. Lawv kuj tseem siv los tsim tsheb aerospace, foob pob hluav taws cav, nuclear reactors, petrochemical khoom thiab thee. hloov dua siab tshiab thiab lwm yam khoom siv zog hloov dua siab tshiab.
txoj kev loj hlob
Txij li thaum xyoo 1930s, Tebchaws Askiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws tau pib kawm cov khoom siv kub-kub. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tshuab thev naus laus zis tshiab, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv cov hlau kub kub tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob. Thaum xyoo 1940, lub tebchaws United Kingdom thawj zaug ntxiv me me ntawm txhuas thiab titanium rau 80Ni-20Cr alloy los ua ib theem rau kev ntxiv dag zog, thiab tsim thawj nickel-raws li alloy nrog high-temperature zog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev txhim kho turbochargers rau piston aeroengines, Tebchaws Meskas tau pib siv Vitallium cobalt-based alloys los ua cov hniav.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Tebchaws Meskas kuj tau tsim Inconel npib tsib xee-raws li alloy los ua lub combustion chamber ntawm dav hlau tshuab. Tom qab ntawd, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hlau, metallurgists tau ntxiv tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt thiab lwm yam khoom siv rau cov nickel-based alloy, nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas thiab titanium, thiab tsim ntau hom alloy, xws li. British "Nimonic", American "Mar-M" thiab "IN", thiab lwm yam .; nyob rau hauv cobalt-raws li alloys, cov ntsiab lus xws li npib tsib xee thiab tungsten yog ntxiv los tsim ntau yam kub-kub alloys, xws li X-45, HA-188, FSX-414, thiab lwm yam. rau qhov tsis muaj peev txheej cobalt, kev txhim kho ntawm cobalt-based superalloys raug txwv.
Hauv xyoo 1940, cov hlau-raws li superalloys kuj tau tsim. Hauv xyoo 1950, cov khoom lag luam xws li A-286 thiab Incoloy901 tau tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev txhim kho tau qeeb txij li xyoo 1960. Lub Soviet Union pib tsim "ЭИ" hom npib tsib xee-raws li superalloys nyob ib ncig ntawm 1950, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim "ЭП" series deformed superalloys thiab ЖС series cam khwb cia superalloys. Tuam Tshoj pib sim tsim cov khoom kub kub hauv xyoo 1956, thiab maj mam tsim "GH" series ntawm deformed superalloys thiab "K" series ntawm cam khwb cia superalloys. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, Tebchaws Meskas kuj tau siv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshiab los tsim cov kev taw qhia crystallized blades thiab hmoov metallurgy turbine disks, thiab tsim cov khoom kub kub xws li ib leeg-crystal blades kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm aircraft engine turbine inlet kub.
Txog tam sim no, txhua lub teb chaws tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv kub-kub tshiab, ua kom tsis tu ncua, kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab nthuav dav daim ntawv thov. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub, lawv tau pom tseeb dhau los ua cov khoom siv hlau tsis tseem ceeb.
Yuav ua li cas cais cov kub kub alloys
1. Raws li hom matrix keeb
(1) Hlau-raws li high-temperature alloy
Hlau-raws li high-temperature alloys kuj tseem hu ua tshav kub-resistant alloy steels. Nws cov matrix yog Fe keeb, nrog ib tug me me ntawm Ni, Cr thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab ntxiv. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant alloy hlau tuaj yeem muab faib ua martensite, austenite, pearlite, ferrite tshav kub-resistant steel, thiab lwm yam raws li nws cov kev cai normalizing.
(2) Nickel-raws li high-temperature alloy
Nickel-based high-temperature alloys muaj ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov nickel thiab tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj 1000 degree. Siv cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab kev laus ua haujlwm, cov creep kuj thiab compressive yield zog tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo. Tam sim no, raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm superalloys siv nyob rau hauv high-temperature ib puag ncig, Scope ntawm kev siv nickel-based superalloys deb tshaj li kev siv hlau-based thiab cobalt-based superalloys. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nickel-raws li high-temperature alloy kuj yog qhov kub-kub alloy nrog cov khoom loj tshaj plaws thiab kev siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kuv lub teb chaws. Ntau lub cav turbine turbine blades thiab combustion chambers, thiab txawm tias turbochargers kuj tseem siv cov nickel-based alloys ua cov ntaub ntawv npaj. Rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua, lub peev xwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov khoom siv kub hauv aerospace tau nce los ntawm 750 degree nyob rau hauv lig 1940s mus rau 1200 degree nyob rau hauv lig 1990s. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev txhim kho loj loj no kuj tau ua kom muaj kev txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem casting, txheej txheej saum npoo, thiab lwm yam kev loj hlob sai.
(3) Cobalt-raws li high-temperature alloy
Cobalt-based high-temperature alloys siv cobalt ua matrix, thiab cov ntsiab lus cobalt suav txog li 60%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus xws li Cr thiab Ni yuav tsum tau ntxiv los txhim kho cov cua sov ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub-kub alloy. Txawm hais tias qhov no high-temperature alloy muaj cov cua sov zoo dua, vim muaj ntau lub teb chaws Cov khoom siv cobalt yog qhov me me thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, yog li tus nqi tsis loj. Nws feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv high-temperature tej yam kev mob (600 ~ 1000 degree) thiab high-temperature qhov chaw uas muaj kev nyuaj siab heev rau lub sij hawm ntev, xws li cov hniav ua hauj lwm ntawm aeroengines, turbine disks, kub-kawg Cheebtsam ntawm combustion chambers, thiab aerospace cav. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov cua sov zoo dua, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, cov ntsiab lus xws li W, MO, Ti, Al, thiab Co yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau lub sijhawm npaj los xyuas kom meej tias nws cov cua sov zoo dua thiab kev qaug zog.
2. Alloy reinforcing hom
Raws li hom kev ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau alloy, qhov kub thiab txias alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom muaj zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias alloys thiab hnub nyoog nag lossis daus muaj zog alloys.
(1) Cov kua nplaum muaj zog ntau hom
Lub npe hu ua cov tshuaj ntxiv dag zog yog ntxiv qee cov ntsiab lus alloying rau hlau, npib tsib xee lossis cobalt-based high-temperature alloys los tsim cov qauv ib-theem austenite. Lub solute atoms distort cov khoom tov matrix lattice, uas ua rau kom cov plam tsis kam nyob rau hauv cov khoom tov thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws. Qee cov kua qaub atoms tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ua txhaum ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hlau alloy, ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm kev sib cais decomposition, ua rau cov hlais nyuaj, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau kub kub.
(2) Kev laus nag lossis daus muaj zog
Lub npe hu ua lub hnub nyoog nag lossis daus ntxiv yog txheej txheem kev kho cua sov uas cov hlau ua haujlwm tau txais kev kho cov tshuaj, txias yas deformation, thiab muab tso rau ntawm qhov kub siab dua lossis chav tsev kub kom tswj tau nws cov khoom. Piv txwv li: GH4169 alloy muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws yield zog ntawm 1000MPa ntawm 650 degree, thiab alloy kub rau kev ua hniav tuaj yeem ncav cuag 950 degree.
3. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom
Muab faib los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov khoom: cam khwb cia kub kub alloys (xws li cov hlau casting zoo tib yam, ib qho siv lead ua alloys, cov kev taw qhia alloys, thiab lwm yam), deformed high-temperature alloys, thiab hmoov metallurgy high-temperature alloys (xws li cov hmoov metallurgy zoo tib yam thiab oxide dispersion- ntxiv dag zog rau high-temperature alloys).
(1) Casting kub alloy
Alloy cov ntaub ntawv uas siv txoj kev casting ncaj qha los npaj qhov chaw yog hu ua cam khwb cia high-temperature alloys. Raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau matrix, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: hlau-raws li casting superalloy, npib tsib xee-based casting superalloy thiab pob zeb diamond-based casting superalloy. Raws li txoj kev crystallization, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub hom: polycrystalline cam khwb cia superalloy, directional solidification cam khwb cia superalloy, directional eutectic cam khwb cia superalloy thiab ib leeg siv lead ua cam khwb cia superalloy.
(2) Deformed kub alloy
Nws tseem yog cov khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv tshuab aerospace thiab tau siv dav hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. kuv lub teb chaws cov zis txhua xyoo ntawm deformed superalloys yog li 1/8 ntawm lub tebchaws United States [2]. Siv GH4169 alloy ua piv txwv, nws yog ntau yam tseem ceeb nrog rau kev siv feem ntau hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Hauv kuv lub teb chaws, bolts, compressors thiab log, thiab roj sling pans ntawm turboshaft xyaw yog siv los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li lwm cov khoom siv hlau ua kom paub tab, deformation tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Kev siv cov alloys yuav maj mam txo, tab sis yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej.
(3) Tshiab kub kub alloy
Xws li cov hmoov hlau kub kub, titanium-aluminium intermetallic tebchaw, oxide dispersion-strengthened high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant high-temperature alloys, hmoov metallurgy thiab nanomaterials thiab lwm yam khoom ntu.
①The alloying degree ntawm peb tiam ntawm hmoov superalloys tau raug txhim kho, tso cai rau nws coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov zoo ntawm thawj ob tiam thiab ua kom muaj zog dua thiab qis dua kev puas tsuaj. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm hmoov superalloys yog ua kom paub tab. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws yuav tsim los ntawm cov nram qab no yam: hmoov npaj, kev kho cua sov txheej txheem, computer simulation technology, dual-kev ua tau zoo hmoov disk;
②Titanium-aluminium intermetallic tebchaw tau tsim los rau tiam plaub, thiab maj mam nthuav dav hauv ob qho kev qhia ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus micro-element thiab cov ntsiab lus loj micro-element. Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Hamburg hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, Kyoto University hauv Nyij Pooj, thiab GKSS Center hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tau ua tiav kev tshawb fawb txog titanium. Aluminium intermetallic tebchaw yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv shipbuilding, biomedical, thiab ntaus pob ncaws pob khoom;
③Oxide dispersion-strengthened superalloys yog ib feem ntawm hmoov superalloys. Muaj ze li ntawm 20 hom kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim kho. Lawv muaj qhov kub thiab txias zog thiab tsis tshua muaj kev ntxhov siab coefficients thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tshav kub-resistant thiab anti-oxidation Cheebtsam ntawm roj turbines, advanced aerospace xyaw, thiab lwm yam Petrochemical reactor, thiab lwm yam.;
④ Corrosion-resistant high-temperature alloys yog siv los hloov cov ntaub ntawv refractory thiab kub-resistant steel nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab aerospace.
