Tungsten electroless npib tsib xee plating

Tungsten yog cov hlau refractory uas nws lub npe txhais tau tias "hnyav pob zeb" uas nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm nrog tab sis muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb zoo. Cov khoom no tso cai rau nws siv ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau ntau yam uas muaj kev hnyav hnyav thiab kub siab.

Tungsten yog thawj zaug siv hauv Suav teb ntau dua 350 xyoo dhau los, siv tungsten pigments los muab cov plooj (porcelain) xim liab. Xyoo 1779, Irish chemist Peter Woulfe pib tshawb fawb ua ntej ntawm cov khoom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov, cov khoom qub lub npe yog Wolfram, ib lo lus uas qee lub tebchaws tseem siv niaj hnub no. Qhov no kuj yog vim li cas cov cim tshuaj ntawm tungsten yog W.

Lub npe tungsten tshwm sim hauv 1781, thaum Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele cais cov kua qaub dawb oxide thaum txuas ntxiv mus kawm cov khoom. Cov kws tshawb fawb Juan thiab Fausto Elhuyar feem ntau tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tshawb pom tungsten. Xyoo 1783, lawv txoj haujlwm tau coj lawv mus cais cov hlau oxides los ntawm wolframite. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau mus ib kauj ruam ntxiv dua li lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab txo cov khoom siv rau tungsten hlau los ntawm cov txheej txheem cua sov nrog carbon.

Tungsten tsis tau siv dav mus txog thaum xyoo 1840. Lub sijhawm no, tus kws tshawb fawb Robert Oxland patented sodium tungstate thiab tungstic acid rau kev lag luam. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txais lwm patent rau hlau-tungsten alloy uas tseem siv niaj hnub no. Tom qab ntawd, tungsten tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev ua lub teeb filaments.

Niaj hnub no, tungsten muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam, suav nrog kev tsim khoom, hluav taws xob, tsheb thiab aerospace. Ntau yam tungsten-muaj alloys tam sim no tau siv dav.

Electroplating tuaj yeem pab ua kom yooj yim siv tungsten rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Yog tias koj muaj txoj hauv kev thiab cov khoom siv zoo, koj tuaj yeem ua cov tungsten rau ntau yam khoom sib txawv, nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv mus rau tungsten alloys. Kuj tseem muaj ntau txheej txheej uas yog alloys ntawm tungsten thiab lwm yam hlau.

Nickel yog cov khoom siv plating zoo tshaj plaws rau tungsten alloys. Lub tuam txhab tsim nyog plating tuaj yeem siv cov txheej txheem rau cov khoom siv electroless nickel plating. Siv tungsten los ua ib qho khoom siv rau electroless npib tsib xee plating tsim cov khoom uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov khoom nws tus kheej. Ntawm SPC, peb muaj cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov cuab yeej siv los ua qhov kev ua haujlwm nyuaj plating.

Tungsten muaj ntau yam zoo uas ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau ntau yam kev lag luam siv. Nws sib koom ntau yam khoom zoo ib yam li lwm cov hlau refractory (molybdenum, tantalum, niobium thiab rhenium). Cov txiaj ntsig no suav nrog:

High melting point:Tungsten paub txog nws qhov chaw melting siab heev, qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov hlau. Nws melting point yog 6,100 degrees Fahrenheit los yog 3,370 degrees Celsius. Vim tias nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws muaj txiaj ntsig rau ntau yam kev siv kub-kub.
High tensile zog:Tungsten kuj muaj lub zog tensile siab heev. Nws lub zog tensile kawg yog 142, 000 phaus ntawm quab yuam ib square inch (psi). Nws lub zog tensile yog 25, 000 psi ntawm 3, 000 degrees Fahrenheit. Nws tuav qhov zoo no txawm tias txoj kab uas hla me me, xws li thaum tsim cov xov hlau nyias.
Qhov ceev thiab qhov hnyav:Tungsten kuj tseem ntom ntom, nrog qhov ntom ntawm 0.697 phaus ib cubic nti. Nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau hnyav tshaj plaws. Qhov tseeb, tsuas yog rhenium, osmium thiab iridium hnyav dua. Ib lub cubic nti ntawm tungsten hnyav tshaj li ob feem peb ntawm ib phaus.
Ductility:Txawm hais tias nws qhov siab ceev, qhov hnyav, thiab lub zog, tungsten yog qhov yooj yim heev. Thaum tsim rau hauv cov xov zoo, nws tseem khaws nws lub zog zoo kawg nkaus thiab lwm yam zoo.
Corrosion thiab Acid Resistance:Tungsten kuj tseem tiv taus corrosion, uas ua rau nws tseem ceeb dua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hnyav. Nws yog resistant rau atmospheric corrosion thiab ntau yam acids ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws tseem tiv taus cov kua hlau xws li mercury, hydrogen, sodium thiab magnesium.
Hluav taws xob conductivity:Tungsten ua tau zoo siv hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntau yam kev siv hluav taws xob.
Tungsten carbide yog ib qho nyuaj thiab hnav-resistant: tungsten feem ntau alloyed nrog carbon los tsim tungsten carbide. Cov khoom no muaj zoo heev hardness thiab hnav tsis kam. Vim tias cov khoom no, nws feem ntau yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej txiav thiab cov khoom lag luam.

Electroplating rau tungsten tuaj yeem txhim kho qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Koj tuaj yeem siv ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab txheej txheem rau kev pabcuam tungsten plating.

Koj tuaj yeem phaj tungsten siv ib qho ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem, lossis koj tuaj yeem siv electroplat tungsten. Electroplating tungsten yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nrog cov cuab yeej thiab kev txawj ntse, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau. Feem ntau, tungsten alloys yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv paus es tsis yog tungsten ntshiab. Electroplating rau ntawm tungsten alloy xws li tungsten carbide yog yooj yim dua li electroplating mus rau ntshiab tungsten. Nickel yog txheej txheej uas adheres zoo tshaj plaws rau tungsten.

Siv cov txheej txheem electroless npib tsib xee plating ntawm tungsten-based substrates muaj ntau qhov zoo. Electroless plating tsis xav tau hluav taws xob tam sim no zoo li txheej txheem electroplating. Nws siv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb los ntxuav qhov chaw uas yuav plated. Nyob rau hauv no plating da dej, ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv bonds cov nickel rau lub substrate.

Electroless plating yog txheej txheem yooj yim dua thiab huv dua li electroplating. Nws kuj yog feem ntau siv nyiaj ntau dua, tso cai rau koj tso cov coatings ntawm ntau cov tuab tuab thiab txawm tias ncav cuag qhov seem ntawm cov substrate nto. Cov txheej txheem tseem ua rau nws yooj yim dua los tswj cov txheej thickness thiab zam dhau txheej txheej nyob ib ncig ntawm cov ces kaum thiab cov npoo ntawm workpieces. Vim hais tias cov plating yog tsawg ntxeem tau, nws kuj muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm gloss, semi-gloss lossis matte npib tsib xee tiav.

Kev siv cov nickel txheej rau tungsten workpieces tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion thiab xeb tsis kam ntawm lub workpiece.

Electroplating tungsten thiab tungsten alloys tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Cov khoom no tsis yooj yim rau phaj. Yog tias koj tuaj yeem kov yeej cov kev cov nyom no thiab ua kom tiav electroless npib tsib xee plating ntawm tungsten carbide substrate, cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas tungsten plating yog qhov nyuaj yog tias tungsten, zoo li lwm cov hlau refractory, yog qhov muaj zog heev. Tungsten tuav nws lub zog thiab lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov kub siab no nws tuaj yeem tsim ib zaj duab xis oxide volatile. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tshwm sim thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 538 degrees Fahrenheit. Thaum kub siab, tungsten kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, thiab sulfur.

Tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev, siv cov ntaub ntawv hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv, lossis siv cov txheej txheem rau tungsten workpieces tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov oxide films. Electroless npib tsib xee plating yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv tungsten vim tias txheej txheej txheej tuaj yeem muab tus nqi li no.

Ua ntej yuav electroplated mus rau tungsten, cov khoom yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm ib tug txuam nrog tu txheej txheem los txhim kho adhesion. Txawm hais tias nickel coatings yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws rau electroplating tungsten, cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev tshem tawm cov txheej txheem tom qab plating kom paub meej cov txheej txheem adhesion txaus.

Cov kev cov nyom no tau coj cov tuam txhab lag luam rau electroplate tungsten alloys ntau dua li cov tungsten ntshiab. Cov hlau no suav nrog tungsten carbide thiab molybdenum tungsten. Koj tuaj yeem ua cov hlau npib tsib xee nrog lwm cov hlau, suav nrog tungsten, boron, tin thiab manganese, kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv.

Ua ntej plating lub tungsten workpiece, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom huv si txheej txheem. Cov txheej txheem no yog tsim nyog rau ntau yam hlau, tab sis tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau tungsten vim nws cov reactivity siab thiab lwm yam teeb meem cuam tshuam.

Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem pib nrog kev ntxuav ua ntej, ua raws li kev ntxuav tu thib ob thiab thaum kawg ua kom lub ntsej muag. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxuav ua ntej yog kom loosen thiab tshem tawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws feem ntau uas muaj nyob rau saum npoo. Qhov no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv hauv cov dej kub alkaline ntxuav.

Thawj kauj ruam hauv tungsten pre-plating tu txheej txheem feem ntau yog tsau cov khoom hauv alkaline potassium ferrocyanide rau ib feeb thiab tom qab ntawd yaug.

Tom qab ntawd boil nws hauv 10% poov tshuaj hydroxide rau 10 feeb, yaug, soak hauv 10% hydrochloric acid rau 30 vib nas this, thiab yaug dua.

Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem qhib cov khoom siv nrog palladium chloride lossis Wood's Nickel pas nrig ua ntej yaug zaum kawg. Tom qab ua tiav cov kauj ruam no, koj tuaj yeem mus nrog plating.

Cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau siv tungsten thiab nws cov alloys rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau muaj qhov kub thiab txias, lub zog thiab hnav tsis kam. Siv cov nickel txheej rau cov ntaub ntawv no txhim kho kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab xeb.

Plating tuam txhab uas muag feem ntau siv electroless npib tsib xee plating ntawm alloyed tungsten carbide, uas yog ib qho zoo tagnrho cov ntaub ntawv thaum tsis tshua muaj siab hardness thiab hnav tsis kam. Tungsten carbide feem ntau yog siv rau kev txiav, tig thiab milling cov cuab yeej rau roj av, mining, metalworking, woodworking thiab lwm yam lag luam. Nws yog siv los ua riam, xyaum, saws thiab lwm yam cuab yeej txiav.

Vim nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab kub tsis kam, tungsten yog siv los tsim ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab khoom siv, xws li hluav taws xob tiv tauj, semiconductors, thiab cov dab dej kub. Ntxiv nickel plating los ntawm cov txheej txheem electroless nickel plating txhim kho corrosion kuj, ua rau plating ntau yam, thiab ua rau nws yooj yim rau vuam, solder, thiab braze rau saum npoo. Nws cov hluav taws kub kuj tseem ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev, xws li cov khoom siv cua sov, cov ntaub thaiv hluav taws xob thiab cov nkoj evaporation.

Tungsten lub tshav kub tsis kam thiab npib tsib xee qhov corrosion kuj ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau siv nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ib puag ncig uas automotive thiab aerospace Cheebtsam yuav tsum tiv taus. Cov khoom no kuj yuav tsum muaj kev hnav zoo heev vim lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom nquag plias thiab qee zaum muaj kev kub ceev. Qhov no yog lwm qhov zoo ntawm tungsten thiab nws cov alloys. Tungsten kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov hlau hnyav xws li cov hlau kub ceev, uas yog siv los tsim ntau yam khoom siv tsheb.

Cov tuam txhab plating tuaj yeem tso cov hlau nplaum ua los ntawm tungsten thiab npib tsib xee mus rau tungsten alloys thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Nickel-phosphorus alloys yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv electroplating alloys siv hauv kev lag luam. Tsis ntev los no, npib tsib xee-phosphorus-tungsten alloy tau tshwm sim los ua cov khoom lag luam zoo electroplating. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom no los ntawm electroless plating siv plating da dej ntawm nickel, tungsten ntsev, thiab lwm yam khoom. Phosphorus muab kev txhim kho hardness thiab hnav tsis kam, tab sis ntxiv me me ntawm tungsten tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom no nrog rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm txheej.

Nickel-tungsten alloys kuj tseem siv tau rau ntau hom kev siv kub. Cov hlau no tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev nyuaj chrome plating. Nickel-tungsten plating yog ib qho nyuaj thiab hnav-resistant dua li chrome plating. Koj tuaj yeem siv ntau txheej txheej hauv ib kauj ruam, ua rau cov txheej txheem plating ntau dua thiab raug nqi.

Electroplating tungsten thiab tungsten-muaj alloys yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj uas yuav tsum tau siv cov cuab yeej zoo thiab kev paub dhau los. Tsuas yog cov tuam txhab ua tiav cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem tsim cov nickel plating txaus ntawm tungsten alloy nto. Thaum koj xav tau cov xim npib tsib xee txheej ntawm tungsten-raws li substrate kom muaj zog, hnav thiab corrosion kuj, thiab muab lwm cov txiaj ntsig, koj xav ntseeg lub tuam txhab kev tshaj lij xws li Ehisen.