Germanium yog ib qho nyiaj-grey nyuaj thiab nkig semi-conductive hlau nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj ruaj khov thiab tsis cuam tshuam nrog huab cua ntawm chav tsev kub. Hlau germanium thiab nws cov tebchaw muaj cov khoom zoo semiconductor, zoo heev infrared optical zog thiab zoo xa mus rau microwaves. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Geological Survey (USGS), lub ntiaj teb germanium noj qauv tso nyiaj rau 30% hauv kev lag luam fiber ntau kev sib txuas lus, 20% hauv infrared optics, 20% hauv polyethylene terephthalate (PET), thiab 20% hauv hnub ci. thiab electronic fields. Accounting rau 15%, thiab lwm yam xws li tshuaj accounting rau 15%. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau pom los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tias germanium muaj cov ntawv thov dav thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau, infrared optics, semiconductors, aerospace, solar cells, tshuaj catalysts, thiab biomedicine, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tswv yim.
Me hlau, kev txawj loj
Vim li cas germanium tsis muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus tab sis muaj ntau daim ntawv thov teb? Qhov no yog ze ze rau ob qhov xwm txheej ntawm germanium keeb.
Txawm hais tias germanium yog hlau, nws muaj ntau yam khoom zoo ib yam li cov hlau tsis yog hlau.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tseeb hauv cov lus ntu ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas germanium nyob rau ntawm txoj kab sib faib ntawm cov hlau hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau, thiab cov khoom nyob ze ntawm cov kab sib faib feem ntau muaj ob qho tib si hlau thiab tsis yog xim hlau.
qhov muag tsaus ntuj
Hmo ntuj low-altitude infrared navigation thiab targeting system tau siv rau ntawm qhov loj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thawj zaug, dhau los ua "qhov muag" ntawm cov dav hlau fighter hauv kev ua haujlwm hmo ntuj, tso cai rau cov tub rog txav tau yooj yim li thaum nruab hnub hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.
Txij thaum ntawd los, cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tau pib muab cov cuab yeej infrared thermal imaging khoom hauv ntau qhov ntau. Kev tsim cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tseem ceeb xws li lo ntsiab muag, prisms, qhov rais, thiab cov ntxaij lim dej hauv infrared radars, infrared detectors, hmo ntuj pom kev, thiab infrared trackers yog inseparable ntawm germanium.
Hauv kev ua pej xeem, cov koob yees duab infrared paub meej siab tuaj yeem ntes cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj qus tsis tshua muaj kev ua si hmo ntuj, pab tib neeg nkag siab zoo dua thiab tiv thaiv tsiaj qus thiab pab txhawb rau biodiversity.
Tsis tas li ntawd, germanium tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg los tshawb txog lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv qhov dav dav ntawm qhov chaw. Germanium-based solar cells muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau qhov chaw hluav taws xob thiab kub tsis kam, siab dua photoelectric conversion efficiency thiab qis zog tsim nqi, thiab tau dav siv hauv chaw nres tsheb thiab lwm yam. Germanium kuj tseem yog lub lens tivthaiv ntawm infrared nrhiav cov cuab yeej, "qhov muag" ntawm aerospace tsheb.
"Paving Pob Zeb" rau kev xa xov xwm
Hauv Internet hnub nyoog, txhua tus neeg yuav tsum tau muaj qhov kev paub no. Qhov chaw thauj khoom qeeb qeeb thaum saib cov xov xwm ua rau tib neeg chim siab, thiab kev lag luam thaum saib yeeb yaj kiab ua rau tib neeg khawb taub hau. Cov teeb meem saum toj no tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txhim kho lub bandwidth. Yog hais tias broadband yog "txoj kev" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev sib txuas lus, ces optical fiber yog "kev loj" ntawm txoj kev, thiab germanium yog "paving pob zeb" ntawm txoj kev loj. Germanium tetrachloride tuaj yeem siv los ua optical fiber ntau preforms, ua si lub luag haujlwm doping thiab photoelectric hloov dua siab tshiab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau ua optical fibers.
Optical fiber ntau yog siv dav siv kev sib txuas lus thiab tam sim no tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 21st, qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb optical fiber ntau xav tau siab li 20%. Tshwj xeeb, qhov kev thov rau kev sib txuas lus hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho tau txuas ntxiv mus sai. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kuv lub teb chaws "Broadband Tuam Tshoj" lub tswv yim, qhov kev siv ntawm "Internet +" tswvyim thiab "ceev nce thiab txo nqi" thiab lwm yam kev cai, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm 5G Internet ntawm txhua yam era, qhov kev thov rau optical fiber ntau tseem nce ntxiv.
Cov "magic ntsiav tshuaj" rau tev
Kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua neej nyob ntev yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub. "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" thiab "Compendium of Materia Medica" tag nrho cov npe Ganoderma lucidum yog cov tshuaj sab saum toj, thiab nws yog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob niaj hnub no qhia tau hais tias Ganoderma lucidum muaj ntau yam alkaloids, cov khoom tseem ceeb yog "germanium" ions thiab polymer polysaccharides, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho lub cev kho tus kheej lub zog thiab kev tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj suav tshuaj tsis tshua muaj xws li ginseng, wolfberry, thiab lub qhov muag hozen, nrog rau cov zaub xws li qej thiab qos yaj ywm, muaj cov organic germanium. Kev ntsuam xyuas los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Suav tau pom tias 20- xyoo-laus ginseng muaj germanium txog 400 × 10-6, thaum lub vaj ginseng (zoo cog qoob loo) tsis tshua muaj tshaj 50 × 10-6.
Cov lus qhia zoo
Puas muaj dab tsi uas muaj germanium noj tau?
Tsis muaj.
Lub ntsiab lus germanium tau muab faib ua cov organic germanium thiab inorganic germanium.. Inorganic germanium yog muab los ntawm cov thee thiab sulfide ore. Lub germanium ib leeg siv lead ua thiab bismuth germanate siv lead ua (Bi12GeO20) tsim tom qab ua thiab rho tawm tuaj yeem siv rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm infrared optics. Tsuas yog germanium uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsev ntsev hu ua organic germanium thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub cev. Organic germanium tuaj yeem muab faib ua hluavtaws thiab ntshiab ntuj. Thawj cov organic germanium, tetraethylgermanium, yog synthesized nyob rau hauv 1887. Txog tam sim no, ntau tshaj 200 hom organic germanium tau synthesized. Ntawm lawv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog xyoo 1967, tus kws kho mob Nyij Pooj Kazuhiko Asai thiab lwm tus tau tsim cov dej-soluble organic germanium oxide Ge-132 (lub npe tshawb fawb: -carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide). Nws tuaj yeem ntxias lub cev los tsim gamma-interferon, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm "pw tsaug zog" macrophages rau hauv cov qog nqaij hlav macrophages, yog li inducing anti-cancer interferon kev ua. Txij thaum ntawd los, organic germanium tau pib qhia nws cov txuj ci hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, khoom noj qab haus huv thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Tam sim no, cov organic germanium tau siv los kho ntau yam mob qog noj ntshav, mob caj dab rheumatoid, cataracts, kub siab thiab lwm yam tsos mob. Cov zej zog kho mob tau qhuas cov organic germanium ua "tus cawm seej germanium" rau noob neej nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st.