Cov khoom lag luam
Cov roj oxide roj (sofcs) sawv cev rau transformative hloov dua siab tshiab. Tsis zoo li kev muab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke tiv thaiv cov tshuaj lom neeg lub zog los ntawm cov hluav taws xob zoo li cov hluav taws xob nrog cov hluav taws xob nrog kev ua haujlwm siab (60-85%) thiab kev pa tawm tsawg. Lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ceramic-based, ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuas kub (500 1500-1 degree). Tsab ntawv no tshawb txog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm sofcs, lawv cov khoom siv science, kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab kev siv pov tseg dhau ntawm kev lag luam.
Tubular vs. Planar Sofcs: Tsim thiab Kev Lag Luam-Offs
1. Tubular Sofcs
Pioneered los ntawm Siemens Westinghouse Horter Corporation (Swpc), tubular sofcs yog cylindrical cell nrog txheej txheem:
Cathohode Txhawb Lub Raj: Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Lanthanum Ganganite Strontium (LSM) lossis zoo sib xws Perovsskite cov ntaub ntawv, tsim los ntawm extrusion.
Electrolyte: Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), tso ntawm electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) los xyuas kom muaj roj-nruj.
Sib ntaus: Doped Lanthhant Chromite (Lacro₃) lossis nws yog xim hlau alloys (piv txwv li, crofer 22 apu), siv los ntawm cov ntshav txau.
Naj hoom: Nickel-ysz cermet, tshuaj ntsuam-luam tawm lossis slurry-coated.
Qhov Zoo:
Kev ruaj khov kho tshuab: Cov tshuaj geometrical siv hluav taws xob ntau zaus, ua kom muaj kev caij tsheb kauj vab sai.
Tsis muaj qhov ntsuas kub-ntsuas kub: Roj thiab huab cua raws thiab huab cua raws tau sib cais, yooj yim pawg sib dhos.
Kev txwv:
Tsawg zog hluav taws xob ntom ntom (~ 0. 2 w / cm²): Kev ntev tam sim no nce ohmic poob.
High Fabrication nqi: EVD thiab ntshav txau yog lub zog-intensive thiab yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb.
Ua kom muaj tswv yim:
SWPC lub tiaj-raj tsim: Sib xyaw tubular resilience nrog planar-zoo li txoj kev tam sim no, txhim kho lub zog ntom ntom nti rau ~}. 35 w / cm².
Microrodular sofcs: Sub-mill-mill-mill-mill-mill-org, ntsuas cov 'tsim qauv) ua tiav kev pib sai (<10 minutes) and 1–5 kW outputs for portable power.
2. Cov rooj zaum dav dav
Planar Cov Hlwb yuav ib lub tiaj tus, fawm kib "zoo-electrolyte-tsis zoo" (cwj mem) qauv, muab:
Muaj Zog Hluav Taws Xob ({{0}}}. 5-1.0 w / cm²): Luv luv, cov kab ntsug tam sim no txo qis.
Doftware Tuaj Raug: Daim kab xev casting, tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv, thiab cov ntxau ntim thiab sib txuas ua ke pab pawg ntau lawm.
Kev sib tw:
Kev tswj hwm kev ntxhov siab thermal: Mismatched thermal expansion coefficients (tecs) ntawm txheej tuaj yeem ua rau kev txiav txim siab.
Sealing hardexity: Iav-Ceramic Ntim Yuav Tsum Ua Haujlwm Tiv Thaiv Thermal hauv lub sijhawm thaum cuam tshuam roj / cua ntws.
Cov Khoom Siv Kev Tsim Kho:
Electrolytes: Scandia-ruaj khov zirconia (SCSZ) rau txhim kho ionic conductivity nyob rau 750 degree.
Sib pauv: Ferritic stainless hlau (piv txwv li, crofer 22 apu) nrog tiv thaiv tiv thaiv (piv txwv li, mnco₂o₄) kom tawm tsam oxidation.
Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Txhawb Nqa: Los Ntawm Electrolyte rau Hlau
1. Electrolyte-txhawb nqa hlwb
Raws li thawj-tiam sofcs, cov hlwb no siv tuab ysz electrolytes (100-200 μm) kom kov yeej cov ionic conductivity tsawg.
Sulzer Hexis 'Tsim: Ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv cov roj elevolyte nrog cov roj radial txaus, ua tiav 40% efficiency nyob rau hauv thaj metiaial chp systems.
Bloom Zog? ES -5700: Kev lag luam 200 kw pawg ua haujlwm ntawm 950 degree, leveraging tsawg tus nqi calcia-stabilized zirconia.
Kev txwv:
Cov Nqi Muaj Kev Phem Siab: Electrolyte tawg vim yog redox cycling.
Qeeb pib: Tsis tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov mobile.
2. Anode-txhawb nqa hlwb
Los ntawm kev hloov lub luag haujlwm txhawb nqa kom tuab-ysz anode (~ 1 hli), kev khiav hauj lwm kub poob mus rau 700-800 degree.
Julich cov pawg: Tiav {0. 6 w / cm² ntawm 750 degree siv lub tshuab nqus tsev slurry rau nyias ysz electrolytes (5-10 μm).
Kev tsis zoo cov tshuab: Nickel Coarsening thiab cov leej kws lom lom lom tau txo qis kev ruaj khov ntev.
Kev ua lag luam saws:
Tokyo Roj 'Ene-Farm: Ib qho 700 w chaw nyob nrog 90% roj siv.
Ge's hybrid Systems: Integrating SOFCs with gas turbines for >65% txuag nyiaj.
3. Cov Cathode-txhawb nqa hlwb
Cov hlwb no ua ntej kev txhawb nqa Cathode pab tubular tsim, zoo tshaj plaws rau tubular tsim qauv.
SWPC's Segmented-in-Series Tsim: Ntaus cov corrugated tub ua tiav tau 50 kw officts.
Cov Khoom Uas Nyuaj: Sr-doped Lamnoos (LSM) Cathodes hnov nrog YSZ saum toj no 1200 degree, xav tau gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) Interlayers.
4. Kev siv hlau-txhawb nqa hlwb (MSCS)
Stainless hlau substrates ua kom sai thermal cycling (500-600 degree) thiab compatibi degree) thiab compatibility nrog cov ntawv thov tsheb.
DLR kev nrhav tshiab:
Diffusion barriers: La {{{{{{0}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
Atmosphicer ntshav txau (APs): Deposits ntom electrolytes nyob rau hauv qhib-huab cua mob, txiav cov nqi los ntawm 30%.
Ceres Lub Hwjchim Lub Steelcell ™: A 5 KW pawg siv cov hlau ferritic steel thiab CGo electrolytes, phiaj rau £ 1, {2}} / KW Ntau lawm nqi.
Cov Ntawv Thov:
Automotive apus: Nissan lub sofc-powered E-NV200 Van txuas ntxiv ntawm 500 km.
Ib tug tub rog: DLR's 3 kW APU rau cov dav hlau pab pawg fais fab.
Cov Txuj Ci: Bridging Lab Thiab Kev Lag Luam
1.elecicrochemical vapor deposition (EVD):
Kev ua: Reacting hlau Chlorides (piv txwv li, ZRCL₄) nrog chav los ua cov yeeb yaj kiab ysz nems.
Siv cov ntaub ntawv: Swpc lub tubular cov hlwb.
2.tape casting thiab co-sintering:
Cov kauj ruam: Casting anode / electrolyte / Cathode khaubncaws sabdib / Cathode txheej ua cov nplaum ntsuab, laminating, thiab tua hluav taws.
Yam uas pab: High-toputed Ntau Lawm ntawm Planar Cells.
3.Plasma txau:
Hom: Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev (VPS) rau ntom ntom ntom nti; atmospheric (APs) rau cov ntawv thov raug nqi.
4.Wet-Tshuaj Lom Zem:
DIP Txheej: Shanghai lub koom haum ntawm Ceramics 'LSM Cathodes.
Electrophoretic tso nyiaj (EPD): Ceres Power's CGO electrolytes.
Kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo thiab cov nyom
Lub Zog Hluav Taws Xob: Ranges los ntawm 0. 2 w / cmular (tub rog) rau 1.2 w / cm² (evatit).
Kev tsis pom cov nqi: <1%/1,000 hours for metal-supported cells vs. 2–5%/1,000 hours for anode-supported designs.
Lub Neej Lub Hom Phiaj: 40, {000}}}}}}} rau cov tshuab nyob ruaj ruaj; 10, {000 kev voj voog rau kev kho tsheb aptotive.
Qhov nyuaj nyuaj:
1.Material Sib Tw: Mitigating cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, ni-ysz / steel interdiffusion).
2.Cost txo: Scaling kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsawg-av (piv txwv li, scandia, gadolinium).
3.System kev sib koom ua ke: Ntsuas cov roj Reforming, kev hloov pauv cua sov, thiab fais fab hluav taws xob.
Cov Lus Qhia Yav Tom Ntej thiab Kev Tawm Tsam Cov Tshuab
1.Low-kub sofcs (lt-sofcs):
Lub hom phiaj: Khiav hauv qab 600 degree siv cov proton-ua electrolytes (piv txwv li, bazr₀.₈₈₀.₂₂).
Cov txiaj ntsig: Compatibility nrog stainless hlau Cheebtsam thiab nrawm dua.
2.3d-luam tawm sofcs:
Yam uas pab: Customizable geometries rau kev ua kom zoo roj ntws thiab tam sim no sau.
Tus yam ntxwv: ONNL's Addited-Tsim Yeeb Pill qauv.
3.Nanostructured cov ntaub ntawv:
NanoFiber Equround: Ntau thaj tsam thaj chaw rau kev ua haujlwm catalysic.
Atomic Txheej Deposition (ALD): Ultra-nyias, qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis pub muaj hluav taws xob.
4.Hybrid Systems:
Sofc-Gas Turbine: Achieving >70% kev ua tau zoo hauv megawatt-teev nroj tsuag.
Sofc-roj teeb: Hybridizing nrog li-ion rau sib zog nqus.
Tag
Sofc Technology sawv ntawm Kev Hla ntawm cov khoom tsim tshiab thiab kev lag luam Scalability. Thaum tubular tsim Excel Excel nyob rau hauv durability thiab planar cells domination high-fais fab siv variants, cov khoom siv hlau-txhawb nqa cov tshiab hauv kev mus ncig thiab kev ncaj ncees. Kev nce qib hauv kev tsim khoom-los ntawm cov ntshav txau rau 3D luam-tau tsav tsheb qis tus nqi, thaum nanomaterials thiab hybrid system cog lus tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Raws li lub zog thoob ntiaj teb kev hloov mus rau Durarbonancation, Sofcs tau ua si sib txawv ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev xa khoom dua tshiab thiab txhim khu kev qha cov khoom ntiag tug.
Ntawv Sawv cev:
Kendall, K.Microrodular sofcs: los ntawm lub tswvyim rau kev ua lag luamCov. Elsevier, 2015.
Wachsman, EdCov roj oxide roj hlwb: cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua tau zooCov. CRC xovxwm, 2016.
Blum, L.Kev sib tw hlau: kev nce qib thiab cov nyom. Phau ntawv Journal Meem, 2021.
Kev lag luam tshaj tawm kev lag luam los ntawm Bloom Zog, ceres zog, thiab Siemens Zog.