Qhov Tseem Ceeb Saib Xyuas thiab Kev Saib Xyuas Cov Lus Qhia rau Cov Hlau Zoo Nkauj -Coated Titanium Anodes

RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej, muab los ntawm Ehisen, yog ib qho kev xaiv nrov hauv ntau cov txheej txheem electrochemical, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj chlorine evolution tshwm sim. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ruthenium thiab iridium oxides hauv cov txheej txheem no ua rau muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lawv tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov no.

Cov ruthenium tivthaiv hauv RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov conductivity ntawm cov anode. Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) paub txog nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv ib tug electrochemical cell, siab conductivity yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li nws tso cai rau kom muaj kev hloov ntawm electrons thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tsawg zog yog nkim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub vim tsis kam, ua rau ntau zog - ua hauj lwm npaum. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv chlor - alkali cell qhov twg lub hom phiaj yog los tsim cov chlorine gas los ntawm electrolyzing brine, lub siab conductivity ntawm RuO₂ nyob rau hauv lub txheej kom ntseeg tau tias cov hluav taws xob tam sim no yuav ntws smoothly los ntawm lub anode, ua rau oxidation ntawm chloride ions rau chlorine gas ntawm tus nqi qis zog.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, iridium nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem txhim kho corrosion kuj ntawm anode nyob rau hauv hnyav acidic ib puag ncig. Iridium oxide (IrO₂) muaj zog tiv taus corrosion, txawm tias muaj zog acids thiab oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, cov electrolytes tuaj yeem ua kua qaub, thiab cov anodes yuav tsum tau tiv taus cov kab mob corrosive rau lub sijhawm ntev. Hauv kev lag luam chlor - alkali kev lag luam, cov tshuaj brine siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem electrolysis muaj cov tshuaj chloride ions, thiab thaum lub sij hawm electrolysis, lub anode raug rau ib tug heev acidic thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig vim yog tsim cov chlorine gas thiab lwm yam los ntawm - khoom. Lub IrO₂ hauv RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej tiv thaiv lub hauv paus titanium substrate los ntawm corrosion, ua kom lub sij hawm ntev - stability thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov anode.

Tus nqi - kev ua tau zoo ntawm RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej yog lwm yam uas ua rau lawv siv dav -. Thaum ob qho tib si ruthenium thiab iridium yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob qho tib si hauv txheej tso cai rau kev sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi. Piv rau cov coatings ua los ntawm cov khoom kim heev zoo li platinum, RuO₂-IrO₂ coatings muab cov nqi qis dua - uas tsis muaj kev txi ntau dhau ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no ua rau lawv muaj kev xaiv txaus nyiam rau cov ntawv loj - scale kev lag luam uas tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv anode tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tag nrho cov nqi tsim khoom.

1. Tsis txhob muaj zog Alkali:RuO₂-IrO₂ coatings tsis muaj zog tiv taus qhov chaw muaj zog alkaline. Kev sib cuag ntev nrog siab - pH daws (pH> 10) tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem maj mam yaj. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej yog reactive nrog hydroxide ions tam sim no nyob rau hauv alkaline daws. Thaum cov txheej txheej dissolves, nws tsis tsuas yog txo qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub anode tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv electrocatalytic zog ntawm lub anode. Piv txwv li, hauv qee cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas cov anode tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj ntxuav alkaline lossis cov alkaline khib nyiab, yuav tsum tau ua tam sim. Tom qab siv hauv alkaline xov xwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis tu ncua yaug lub anode nrog dej nruab nrab. Qhov dej yaug dej no pab tshem tawm cov tshuaj alkaline uas tseem tshuav ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub anode, tiv thaiv cov tshuaj lom neeg ntxiv uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem puas tsuaj. Cov dej nruab nrab dilutes thiab ntxuav tawm cov alkaline residues, kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem tseem tsis zoo thiab cov anode tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo.

2.Monitor rau Chloride Concentration:Hauv cov ntawv thov xws li chlor - alkali hlwb, tswj cov tshuaj chloride concentration nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo (80–150 g / L) yog qhov tseem ceeb. Chloride ions yog cov reactants tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj chlorine evolution hauv cov hlwb. Yog tias cov tshuaj chloride concentration tsawg dhau, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav txo qis, ua rau txo qis kev ua haujlwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias cov chloride concentration siab dhau lawm, nws tuaj yeem ua rau oxidation ntau dhau ntawm RuO₂-IrO₂ txheej. Cov tshuaj chloride siab tuaj yeem ua kom cov txheej txheem corrosion, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub degradation ntawm cov txheej thaum lub sij hawm, txo nws cov hauj lwm zoo thiab lifespan. Los ntawm kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov tshuaj chloride concentration thiab hloov kho raws li qhov tsim nyog, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem xyuas kom meej tias cov anode ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo, ua rau ob qho tib si kev ua tau zoo thiab lub neej ntev ntawm RuO₂-IrO₂ - coated anode.

Platinum - coated titanium anodes, muab los ntawm Ehisen, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb hauv ntau hom kev siv hluav taws xob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas yuav tsum tau siab - qib stability nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj ib puag ncig.

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm platinum coatings yog lawv cov kev ruaj ntseg zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si acidic thiab nruab nrab ib puag ncig. Platinum yog cov hlau zoo heev uas muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion heev. Nyob rau hauv acidic ib puag ncig, xws li cov uas tau ntsib nyob rau hauv electroplating txheej txheem uas muaj zog acids xws li sulfuric acid los yog hydrochloric acid feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv cov electrolyte, lub platinum txheej tseem zoo thiab tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog cov kua qaub. Qhov kev ruaj ntseg no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov anode tuaj yeem tswj hwm nws cov haujlwm electrocatalytic nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab, xws li qee qhov kev siv dej kho qhov twg pH ntawm cov dej nyob ze rau 7, lub platinum txheej kuj ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg degradation.

Tus nqi siab ntawm platinum yog qhov zoo - paub qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov ntawv thov uas tsis tshua muaj - qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, kev siv platinum - coated anodes ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv qis - daim ntawv thov tam sim no ceev, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical kuj qeeb, thiab qhov kev thov rau siab - ceev electron hloov tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tshwj xeeb durability ntawm platinum txheej yuav offset lawv cov nqi siab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib co me me - scale electroplating ua hauj lwm qhov twg tam sim no ceev yog tsawg thiab lub hom phiaj yog tso ib tug nyias thiab siab - zoo txheej ntawm hlau mus rau ib tug substrate, ntev - ntev ntawm lub platinum txheej txhais tau hais tias lub anode tsis tas yuav tsum tau hloov ntau zaus. Qhov no txo ​​cov nqi ua haujlwm tag nrho cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv anode, ua rau kev siv platinum - coated anodes tus nqi - kev xaiv tau zoo txawm tias lawv thawj tus nqi siab.

Platinum - coated anodes yog dav siv nyob rau hauv electroplating industries. Hauv electroplating, lub hom phiaj yog tso ib txheej nyias ntawm cov hlau uas xav tau rau hauv substrate. Kev ruaj ntseg siab thiab electrocatalytic kev ua haujlwm ntawm platinum xyuas kom meej tias cov hlau ions hauv cov electrolyte raug txo kom zoo thiab tso rau hauv cov substrate nyob rau hauv ib qho zoo thiab siab - zoo. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv electroplating ntawm precious hlau zoo li kub los yog nyiaj, lub platinum - coated anode muab ib tug ruaj khov thiab muaj txiaj ntsim qhov chaw ntawm electrons, tso cai rau meej tswj cov txheej txheem plating. Qhov no ua rau cov hlau du thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm zoo

Lawv kuj tau siv hauv kev tiv thaiv cathodic. Hauv cov tshuab no, lub hom phiaj yog los tiv thaiv cov qauv hlau los ntawm kev xeb los ntawm kev ua kom nws lub cathode nyob rau hauv ib qho electrochemical cell. Lub platinum - coated anode ua raws li kev txi anode, muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov qauv hlau tiv thaiv. Lub siab ruaj khov ntawm lub platinum txheej ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov anode tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv rau lub sijhawm, tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov qauv tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv thov uas cov qauv kev tiv thaiv raug cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig hnyav, xws li hauv marine lossis underground ib puag ncig.

1. Tiv thaiv Mechanical Abrasion:Platinum coatings yog cov mos mos piv rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lawv muaj feem ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov khoom tawv. Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cov electrolyte yuav muaj cov khoom me me, xws li plua plav, grit, lossis cov khib nyiab uas tsis tau yaj. Thaum cov khoom no tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog platinum - coated anode thaum lub sij hawm ncig ntawm cov electrolyte, lawv tuaj yeem khawb lossis abrased txheej. Txawm tias me me khawb ntawm lub txheej tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov hauv paus titanium substrate, uas tej zaum yuav raug corrosion. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no, nws raug nquahu kom nruab 50-100 μm lim hauv cov kab hluav taws xob electrolyte. Cov lim dej no tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob loj dua 0.1 hli los ntawm electrolyte, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem platinum puas raug khaws cia deb ntawm lub anode. Kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab kev saib xyuas cov lim dej kuj tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias nws ua haujlwm tau zoo

2.Control Temperature nruj nreem:Kev khiav hauj lwm kub ntawm platinum - coated anodes yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 60℃. Ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj qhov txwv no, platinum tuaj yeem ntsib kev loj hlob ntawm cov nplej. Grain loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub platinum txheej txo qhov active nto ntawm lub anode. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm electrocatalytic ntawm lub anode yog ncaj qha ntsig txog nws qhov chaw ua haujlwm saum npoo av. Thaum lub active deg cheeb tsam txo qis vim grain loj hlob, lub anode yuav tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsim rau catalyzing cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem electroplating, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub active nto cheeb tsam ntawm lub platinum - coated anode yuav ua rau ib tug qeeb deposition tus nqi ntawm cov hlau mus rau lub substrate los yog ib tug uneven tis ntawm cov deposited hlau. Yuav kom tswj tau qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov anode, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv cov cua txias kom tsim nyog yog tias tsim nyog los ua kom qhov kub thiab txias tsis pub dhau qhov kev pom zoo thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

Thaum nws los txog rau kev tuav cov hlau tseem ceeb - coated titanium anodes, muab los ntawm Ehisen, yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev tiv thaiv nruj. Kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub anode txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev puas tsuaj thaum tuav tuaj yeem txo nws txoj sia thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Kev huv huv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ib txwm hnav huv, lint - hnab looj tes dawb thaum kov cov anodes. Yog vim li cas tom qab qhov no yog tias peb txhais tes ib txwm tso cov roj thiab hws. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua paug rau qhov chaw anode, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau muaj nuj nqis. Thaum cov txheej txheej yog paug nrog roj lossis hws, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tshuaj electrochemical uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw anode. Piv txwv li, cov roj tuaj yeem ua qhov cuam tshuam, tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov anode thiab cov electrolyte, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua thiab txo qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem electrochemical.

Thaum tuav lub anode, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tuav nws los ntawm nws cov titanium ncej los yog uncoated npoo. Cov txheej txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov anode vim nws yog ncaj qha koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov txheej txheej tuaj yeem ua rau khawb lossis puas. Txawm tias me me khawb tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov hauv paus titanium substrate rau electrolyte, ua rau corrosion. Corrosion ntawm lub substrate tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm cov anode tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm txheej. Raws li cov substrate corrodes, nws yuav hloov cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab electrocatalytic zog ntawm lub anode, thaum kawg txo nws cov hauj lwm zoo nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem electrochemical.

Ua ntej kev teeb tsa, kev tshuaj xyuas zoo rau kev xa khoom puas yog tsim nyog. Saib xyuas kom pom cov kab nrib pleb, tev, lossis hloov xim. Cov kab nrib pleb hauv cov txheej tuaj yeem tso cai rau cov electrolyte nkag mus thiab ncav cuag titanium substrate, ua kom muaj corrosion. Peeling ntawm txheej qhia tau hais tias poob ntawm adhesion ntawm txheej thiab substrate, uas tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm ntawm lub anode thiab txo qis hauv nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Kev hloov xim kuj tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov teeb meem hauv qab. Piv txwv li, yog tias tsaus nti - xim av RuO₂ - IrO₂ txheej hloov daj ntseg, nws yuav qhia tau tias oxidation. Oxidation ntawm txheej tuaj yeem hloov kho nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov haujlwm electrocatalytic, ua rau cov anode tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig hauv catalyzing qhov xav tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical.

Kev tswj xyuas qhov tseeb anode - cathode spacing yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev teeb tsa. Qhov pom kev sib txawv ntawm anodes thiab cathodes feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 5-25 mm. Qhov sib nrug no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom ntseeg tau txawm tias tam sim no kev faib tawm hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob

Thaum qhov sib txawv yog nqaim heev (tsawg dua 5 hli), muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev luv luv. Thaum lub sij hawm electrochemical txheej txheem, deposits yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub cathode nto. Cov deposits no tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab thaum kawg txuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov anode thiab cathode, tsim kom muaj ib qho luv luv - Circuit Court. Lub voj voog luv luv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov nce tam sim no, uas tuaj yeem ua rau overheating ntawm anode thiab cathode, uas yuav ua rau ob qho tib si electrodes. Nws tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm electrochemical ib txwm thiab txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem ..

Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias qhov sib txawv yog qhov dav dhau (ntau dua 25 hli), kev siv lub zog ntawm lub cev yuav nce ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv ib tug electrochemical cell, cov hluav taws xob tam sim no yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm cov electrolyte ntawm lub anode thiab cathode. Qhov sib txawv dav dua txhais tau hais tias tam sim no yuav tsum tau npog ntev dua, uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua. Raws li Ohm txoj cai lij choj (V=IR, qhov twg V yog qhov hluav taws xob, kuv yog tam sim no, thiab R yog qhov tsis kam), qhov nce hauv qhov tsis kam ua rau qhov nce ntawm qhov voltage yuav tsum tau tsav tam sim no. Qhov kev xav tau hluav taws xob ntau dua no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua los ua haujlwm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, ua rau cov nqi hluav taws xob ntau dua. Los ntawm kev tswj xyuas qhov zoo tshaj plaws anode - cathode qhov sib nrug ntawm 5-25 hli, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm luv luv Circuit Court, thiab txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob zoo.

1.Ion saib xyuas:Kev saib xyuas cov electrolyte tsis tu ncua rau cov teeb meem ions yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub sijhawm ntev - kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis - coated titanium anodes. Ob qhov tseem ceeb ions uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas zoo yog fluoride thiab hydrogen ions

Fluoride ions tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev rau lub anode. Txawm tias tsis tshua muaj siab, cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dhau (ntau tshaj 10 ppm) tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis thiab tawm tsam lub hauv paus titanium substrate. Titanium yog reactive nrog fluoride ions, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov titanium fluoride compounds. Raws li cov substrate raug tawm tsam, cov txheej txheem kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov anode raug cuam tshuam, thiab cov txheej yuav pib delaminate los yog tawg. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txo lub neej ntawm anode tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev ua haujlwm electrocatalytic. Piv txwv li, hauv qee cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas muaj hydrofluoric acid nyob rau hauv cov electrolyte, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj fluoride concentration yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv qhov kev txwv.

Hydrogen ion concentration, uas yog reflected los ntawm pH tus nqi ntawm cov electrolyte, kuj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tswj. Rau feem ntau cov hlau muaj nuj nqis - coated anodes, qhov zoo tshaj pH ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2 - 12. Deviations los ntawm ntau yam no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub heev (pH <2), txheej yuav yaj los yog corrode sai dua. Hauv cov xwm txheej alkaline (pH > 12), qee cov txheej txheem, xws li RuO₂ - IrO₂, tej zaum yuav muaj kev phom sij tshwj xeeb, raws li tau hais dhau los. Los ntawm kev kuaj xyuas cov electrolyte tsis tu ncua rau cov ions siv cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog xws li ion - xaiv cov electrodes lossis titration, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua raws sijhawm los kho kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov anode.

1. Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias:Txhua hom hlau muaj txiaj ntsig - coated titanium anode muaj qhov ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Rau RuO₂ - IrO₂ - coated anodes, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntau yam yog 25-40 degree, thaum rau platinum - coated anodes, nws yog 20-50℃. Kev khiav hauj lwm sab nraud ntawm qhov ntsuas kub no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub anode

Ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov txheej yuav muaj kev ntxhov siab thermal. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem nthuav dav thiab sib cog lus ntawm tus nqi sib txawv dua li cov hauv paus titanium substrate, uas ua rau tsim cov kab nrib pleb hauv txheej. Cov kab nrib pleb hauv txheej tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov substrate rau cov electrolyte, ua kom corrosion. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov txheej txheem, xws li oxidation los yog tawg ntawm cov khoom siv hlau zoo.

Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab qhov kev pom zoo, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical ntawm qhov anode tuaj yeem qeeb. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem electrochemical. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem chlor - alkali ntau lawm, yog tias qhov kub thiab txias tsis dhau, tus nqi ntawm chlorine evolution yuav raug txo, cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Txhawm rau tswj qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo, lub tshuab cua txias lossis cua sov tuaj yeem ntsia tau. Lub kaw lus no tuaj yeem kho qhov kub ntawm cov electrolyte raws li qhov tseeb - qhov ntsuas kub ntawm lub sijhawm, kom ntseeg tau tias lub anode ua haujlwm raws li qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

2. Kev kho pH:Kev tuav lub pH ruaj khov hauv electrolyte yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm anode. Cov tshuaj inhibitors tuaj yeem siv los kho cov pH. Rau acidification, sulfuric acid feem ntau yog siv, thaum sodium hydroxide yog siv rau alkalization. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev hloov pauv no yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo. Kho cov pH ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau poob siab rau txheej. Kev hloov pauv sai ntawm pH tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg sai ntawm cov txheej txheej, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem puas. Piv txwv li, tam sim ntawd nce pH tuaj yeem ua rau nag lossis daus ntawm cov hlau hydroxides ntawm txheej txheej, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Nws raug nquahu kom hloov pH tsis pub ntau tshaj ib zaug ib zaug. Qhov no tso cai rau cov anode maj mam hloov mus rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv pH, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau txheej txheej thiab ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem electrochemical.

Thaum pib lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig - coated titanium anodes, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua kom qhov ceev tam sim no nce ntxiv. Ib qho kev coj ua yog txhawm rau nce qhov ceev tam sim no li ntawm 20% ib feeb. Qhov no maj mam nce nyob rau hauv tam sim no ceev pab kom tsis txhob thermal stress ntawm lub txheej. Thaum qhov tam sim no yog dheev nce, muaj ib tug sai tiam ntawm tshav kub nyob rau hauv anode nto vim lub electrochemical tshuaj. Qhov kev tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem nthuav dav sai, thiab vim tias cov txheej txheem thiab cov substrate muaj qhov sib txawv thermal expansion coefficients, thermal stress yog induced. Qhov kev ntxhov siab thermal no tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov kab nrib pleb hauv cov txheej txheem, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ua neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm anode.

Ib yam li ntawd, thaum kaw, qhov tam sim no yuav tsum tau maj mam txo. Tam sim no txiav tawm tam sim no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov substrate. Cov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem tsim cov electrochemical gradient uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub interface puas. Piv txwv li, tam sim ntawd poob rau hauv lub peev xwm tuaj yeem ua rau tsim hluav taws xob ob - txheej uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub detachment ntawm txheej txheej los ntawm substrate. Los ntawm kev txo qhov tam sim no maj mam, qhov kev hloov pauv tau raug txo qis, thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm txheej txheej - substrate interface yog khaws cia.

1.Wet Storage Precautions:Yog tias cov anodes yuav tsum nyob twj ywm hauv cov electrolyte thaum kaw, siv qhov kev tiv thaiv qis (5-10 A / m²) yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv galvanic corrosion ntawm titanium substrate. Galvanic corrosion tshwm sim thaum ob hlau sib txawv (qhov no, titanium substrate thiab tej impurities nyob rau hauv electrolyte los yog lwm yam hlau nyob rau hauv lub system) yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nyob rau hauv ib tug electrolyte, tsim ib tug electrochemical cell. Lub titanium substrate tuaj yeem ua raws li cov anode hauv cov cell thiab corrode. Los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv qis, lub peev xwm ntawm titanium substrate raug kho, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm oxidized thiab corroded.

Rau ntev - lub sij hawm cia (ntev tshaj 72 teev), nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los yaug cov anodes nrog dej deionized. Cov dej deionized pab tshem tawm cov electrolyte thiab cov khoom paug tawm ntawm qhov chaw anode. Tom qab muab yaug, cov anodes yuav tsum tau qhuav nyob rau hauv ib tug hmoov av - ib puag ncig dawb. Cov plua plav tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj uas yuav ua rau lub ntsej muag anode, ua rau corrosion lossis lwm yam kev puas tsuaj. Khaws cov anodes hauv cov plua plav - ib puag ncig dawb kom ntseeg tau tias lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw zoo kom txog thaum lawv siv dua.

2. Tam Sim No Post - Kev Ncua Kev Tu:Tshem tawm cov nyiaj xoob los ntawm qhov chaw anode tsis pub dhau 2 teev ntawm kev kaw yog pom zoo. Loose deposits, xws li inorganic nplai, tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw anode thaum ua haujlwm. Yog hais tias cov deposits no tau tso cai kom qhuav rau saum npoo, lawv yuav nyuaj rau tshem tawm. Ib qho tshuaj electrolyte me me, xws li 5% citric acid, tuaj yeem siv los tshem tawm cov nplais tsis muaj zog. Cov deposits no, yog tias sab laug ntawm lub anode, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov dej hauv qab txheej. Cov dej noo nyob hauv qab txheej tuaj yeem ua rau corrosion ntawm substrate dhau sijhawm. Los ntawm kev ntxuav lub anode tam sim ntawd tom qab kaw, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm corrosion vim yog cov dej ntws tawm raug tshem tawm, thiab cov anode tau npaj zoo dua rau nws txoj haujlwm tom ntej.

Polarization nkhaus tsom xam yog cov cuab yeej muaj zog rau kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig - coated titanium anodes. Nws muab kev nkag siab zoo rau cov anode txoj haujlwm electrocatalytic thiab lub xeev ntawm nws cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis.

Electrochemical workstation yog siv los ntsuas polarization nkhaus. Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem electrochemical thiab ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab qhov hluav taws xob. Kev ntsuas feem ntau yog ua tiav ntawm 25℃hauv tus qauv electrolyte. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chlorine evolution anodes, ib tug 30% NaCl tov yog feem ntau siv raws li tus qauv electrolyte. Cov electrolyte no ua tib zoo ua raws li cov xwm txheej uas cov anode ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam xws li chlor - alkali ntau lawm.

Comparing the measured polarization curves to baseline data is crucial. The baseline data represents the ideal performance of the anode when it is new and in optimal condition. A voltage increase of >10% ntawm tib qhov ceev tam sim no qhia tias txheej txheej degradation. Thaum cov txheej txheem degrades, nws cov haujlwm electrocatalytic txo qis. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov kev xav tau ntau dhau los tsav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov hluav taws xob xav tau kom ua tiav tib lub zog tam sim no nce. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub anode tshiab xav tau 1.5 volts kom ua tiav qhov ceev tam sim no ntawm 1000 A / m², thiab tom qab qee lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum muaj 1.65 volts lossis ntau dua kom ua tau raws li qhov tam sim no ntom ntom, nws qhia tau hais tias cov txheej txheej tau degraded, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv thiab kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau ua.

Txhim kho qhov tiag - lub sij hawm voltage sensor los taug qab cell voltage thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los saib xyuas cov anode qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis tu ncua. Lub cell voltage yog ib qho tseem ceeb parameter uas qhia txog tag nrho cov kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub electrochemical cell, nrog rau cov mob ntawm lub anode.

A steady increase of >50 mV dhau 24 teev, tsis tau piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm electrolyte, qhia tias muaj peev xwm txheej tiv taus nce lossis qhov chaw poob. Lub cell voltage yog ncaj qha ntsig txog qhov tsis kam ntawm anode thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj electrochemical tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov chaw. Yog tias txheej txheej tsis kam nce, qhov voltage ntau yuav tsum tau tsav tam sim no los ntawm anode. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim muaj cov txheej txheem xws li tsim cov txheej txheem oxide tiv thaiv ntawm cov txheej txheej, depletion ntawm cov chaw nquag ntawm txheej txheej, lossis degradation ntawm txheej txheej. Kev poob ntawm qhov chaw tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim muaj tshuaj lom neeg ua rau puas tsuaj rau cov hlau zoo nkauj lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm substrate. Los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm anode thiab cov uas tshwm sim los ntawm electrolyte hloov, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas sai thaum muaj teeb meem nrog cov anode thiab siv cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los daws lawv, xws li ntxuav lub anode, kho cov kev ua haujlwm, lossis hloov cov anode yog tias tsim nyog.

Eddy tam sim no thickness ntsuas yog ib qho uas tsis yog - kev ntsuam xyuas kev puas tsuaj uas yog dav siv los ntsuas qhov ncaj ncees ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis txheej ntawm titanium anodes. Nws muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov txheej txheej thickness, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog nws qhov seem lifespan thiab kev ua tau zoo.

Ib qho eddy tam sim no gauge yog ua hauj lwm los ntsuas cov txheej thickness ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus. Kev ntsuas ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 5 cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho anode ua kom cov txheej tuab yog sib npaug sib npaug thiab tsis muaj cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev hnav ntau dhau los yog thinning raug saib xyuas. Kev txo qis hauv cheeb tsam tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim muaj ntau yam, xws li kev faib tawm tsis sib xws, kev puas tsuaj rau txhua qhov chaw, lossis tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm electrolyte.

A local thickness reduction of >30% piv rau li - tus nqi tshiab qhia tias hnav hnyav thiab yuav tsum tau hloov tam sim ntawd. Cov txheej thickness yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub anode txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab lifespan. Raws li cov txheej txheem hnav, nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov hauv paus titanium substrate thiab catalyze cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical txo. Thaum lub thickness txo ntau tshaj 30%, lub anode yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm, raws li cov seem txheej yuav tsis muaj peev xwm muab kev tiv thaiv txaus los yog electrocatalytic kev ua si. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, kev hloov pauv tam sim ntawm cov anode yog qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem electrochemical thiab ua kom cov kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txheej txheem.

X - Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy yog cov txheej txheem analytical muaj zog uas tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus hlau muaj txiaj ntsig hauv txheej txheej ntawm titanium anodes. Nws muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas nws cov degradation thiab txiav txim siab thaum yuav tsum tau kho lossis hloov kho.

Ib ntus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog peb lub hlis twg rau siab - daim ntawv thov thauj khoom, XRF spectroscopy yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus hlau muaj nuj nqis. Siab - daim ntawv thov thauj khoom ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua ntawm cov anode, ua rau kom nrawm dua ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau zoo. Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam XRF tsis tu ncua, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem saib xyuas cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus hlau muaj nuj nqis nyob rau lub sijhawm thiab siv cov kev ntsuas ua haujlwm kom tswj tau qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm anode.

Ib qho kev poob qis hauv cov ntsiab lus, xws li Ru <50% ntawm tus nqi nominal, qhia tias kev degradation siab heev thiab xav tau txheej txheej refurbishment. Tus nqi nominal ntawm cov ntsiab lus hlau muaj nuj nqis sawv cev rau qhov pib muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txheej thaum nws yog tshiab. Raws li cov anode ua haujlwm, cov hlau tseem ceeb hauv txheej tuaj yeem maj mam depleted vim muaj ntau yam, xws li tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrolyte, siab - kub los, thiab electrochemical corrosion. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom phiaj, xws li ruthenium hauv RuO₂ - IrO₂ txheej, poob qis dua 50% ntawm nws tus nqi nominal, nws qhia tau hais tias cov txheej tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj loj. Nyob rau ntawm no, txheej refurbishment yog tsim nyog los kho lub anode txoj kev ua tau zoo. Kev kho dua tshiab yuav suav nrog cov txheej txheem xws li re - txheej txheej anode nrog cov hlau oxide muaj nuj nqis lossis siv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxiv. Los ntawm kev siv XRF spectroscopy los saib xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem xyuas kom meej tias cov anode raug tswj xyuas kom zoo thiab cov txheej txheem electrochemical tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Ua rau: Localized peeling ntawm precious hlau txheej los ntawm titanium substrate yog ib qho teeb meem uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov anode. Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog kev kho tsis raug ntawm titanium substrate. Ua ntej daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau zoo nkauj, titanium substrate yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv si thiab nws qhov chaw npaj tau zoo. Yog tias muaj cov khoom seem ntawm cov roj, roj, lossis lwm yam khoom paug ntawm qhov chaw, qhov adhesion ntawm txheej thiab substrate yuav raug cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub substrate tsis degreased kom zoo siv cov kuab tshuaj xws li acetone los yog isopropyl cawv, cov organic paug tuaj yeem tsim kev thaiv ntawm cov txheej thiab cov substrate, tiv thaiv cov tshuaj muaj zog los ntawm kev tsim.

Thermal cycling thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog lwm yam uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo hauv zos. Hauv ntau cov txheej txheem electrochemical, cov anode raug rau qhov kub thiab txias. Thaum lub anode heats li thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm, lub txheej thiab substrate nthuav. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov thermal expansion coefficients, cov txheej thiab cov substrate nthuav dav ntawm cov nqi sib txawv. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias txias, lawv cog lus ntawm tus nqi sib txawv thiab. Cov kev rov nthuav dav thiab kev sib cog lus no tuaj yeem tsim kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej thiab cov substrate, nws thiaj li ua rau poob ntawm adhesion thiab localized peeling.

Mechanical cuam tshuam kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem tev. Thaum tuav, kev teeb tsa, lossis kev ua haujlwm, lub anode tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom tawv lossis kev vibrations. Ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub substrate, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo xws li cov npoo los yog cov fab ntawm cov anode. Hauv qhov chaw muaj kev lag luam, piv txwv li, yog tias lub anode raug teeb tsa hauv qhov loj - scale electrochemical cell thiab raug tsoo tawm tsam cov phab ntsa ntawm tes thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem tev ntawm thaj chaw cuam tshuam.

2. Kev daws teeb meem: Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tev tawm txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog. Yog hais tias lub tev tawm cuam tshuam ntau tshaj 10% ntawm thaj chaw txheej, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los hloov cov anode. Qhov loj - scale poob ntawm txheej txhais tau hais tias cov anode qhov kev ua tau zoo yuav raug cuam tshuam loj heev. Lub titanium substrate raug pom yuav pib corrode nyob rau hauv cov electrolyte, thiab cov electrocatalytic kev ua si ntawm lub anode yuav ho txo. Hloov cov anode ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem electrochemical tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam loj.

Rau cov teeb meem me me uas qhov tev tawm cuam tshuam txog 5% lossis tsawg dua ntawm thaj chaw txheej, tuaj yeem ua lwm txoj hauv kev. Ua ntej, ntxuav cov titanium uas raug nrog 10% oxalic acid tov. Oxalic acid yog ib qho kev txo qis me me uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov txheej txheem oxide los yog cov kab mob sib kis uas tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw titanium. Tom qab ntxuav, yaug lub anode kom huv si nrog dej deionized kom tshem tawm cov kab ntawm oxalic acid. Tom qab ntawd, siv cov txheej tiv thaiv ib ntus, xws li epoxy. Epoxy txheej yog paub txog lawv cov khoom zoo adhesion thiab tuaj yeem muab sijhawm luv luv - txheej tiv thaiv tshaj qhov chaw raug. Qhov no tso cai rau cov anode siv rau lub sijhawm txwv kom txog thaum muaj kev daws teeb meem ntau dua, xws li re - txheej lossis hloov tag nrho, tuaj yeem npaj.

Ua rau: Micro - cracking thiab pinholes nyob rau hauv lub precious hlau txheej yog ob qho lwm yam txheej txheej degradation teeb meem. Kev ceev tam sim no ntau dhau yog qhov ua rau muaj teeb meem loj. Thaum qhov ceev tam sim no siv rau lub anode siab dhau lawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical ntawm qhov chaw anode tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi nrawm dua. Qhov no ua rau kev tsim cov cua kub ntau hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Kev tsim hluav taws xob sai sai tuaj yeem ua rau thermal stress nyob rau hauv lub txheej. Txij li thaum cov ntaub ntawv txheej muaj cov thermal expansion tshwj xeeb, qhov kub thiab txias tam sim ntawd tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem nthuav dav tsis sib xws, uas ua rau tsim cov micro - tawg.

Kev hloov kub ceev kuj tuaj yeem ua rau micro - tawg thiab pinholes. Zoo ib yam li thermal cycling, cua kub ceev thiab txias ntawm lub anode tuaj yeem tsim kev ntxhov siab hauv cov txheej. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias lub anode yog dheev raug mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg kub thaum lub sij hawm ib tug txheej txheem hloov, lub txheej yuav tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau sai txaus, ua rau tawg.

Cov khoom hnyav electrolyte kuj tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm. Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm qee yam ions, xws li Fe³ + hauv cov electrolyte, tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog cov txheej txheem hlau zoo nkauj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem tsis muaj zog, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev tawg thiab tsim cov pinholes. Fe³ + ions tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj oxidizing, ua rau cov tshuaj hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheej, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm txheej txheej.

1. Ua rau: Qhov txo qis electrochemical kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb - coated titanium anodes, txawm tias tsis pom tseeb lub cev puas tsuaj rau txheej, tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ntau yam. Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov txheej txheej. Piv txwv li, hauv qee cov txheej txheem electrochemical, TiO₂ passive txheej tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm cov txheej txheej dhau sijhawm. Cov txheej no yog qhov tsis muaj zog thiab tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov thaiv, tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm electrons ntawm anode thiab electrolyte. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm electrocatalytic ntawm anode raug txo, thiab ntau lub zog yuav tsum tau tsav cov tshuaj electrochemical.

Tshuaj lom los ntawm cov kab mob organic yog lwm qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb. Cov roj thiab cov surfactants yog cov kab mob organic uas tuaj yeem pom lawv txoj hauv kev rau hauv electrolyte. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem adsorb mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau zoo nkauj, thaiv cov chaw ua haujlwm uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical yuav tsum tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, yog tias muaj cov roj lubricating los ntawm cov tshuab nyob ze rau hauv cov tshuab electrolyte, cov roj tuaj yeem kis tau thiab coated rau saum npoo anode, txo nws lub peev xwm los catalyze cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

2. Kev daws teeb meem: Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txo cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cov kauj ruam tu anodic tuaj yeem ua tau. Tso cov anode rau hauv 0.1 M H₂SO₄ daws thiab siv qhov ceev tam sim no ntawm 50 A / m² rau 10 feeb. Cov kua qaub thiab cov tshuaj siv tam sim no tuaj yeem pab kom yaj cov txheej txheem passive ntawm txheej txheej. Cov sulfuric acid reacts nrog TiO₂ txheej, hloov nws mus rau hauv soluble titanium sulfate tebchaw, uas yog ces tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no restores lub active nto cheeb tsam ntawm lub anode thiab txhim kho nws electrocatalytic kev ua si.

Rau cov organic paug, yaug lub anode nrog cov kuab tshuaj zoo li acetone. Acetone yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo rau ntau cov organic. Nws tuaj yeem yaj cov roj adsorbed thiab surfactants, tshem tawm lawv los ntawm qhov chaw anode. Tom qab yaug nrog acetone, yaug lub anode kom huv si nrog dej deionized kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj yaj yeeb. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav no yuav pab kom rov ua kom lub cev muaj zog thiab rov ua nws qhov qub electrochemical.

1. Ua rau:Kev faib tawm tsis sib xws yog qhov teeb meem uas tuaj yeem ua rau sub - kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig - coated titanium anode. Misaligned anodes yog ib qho ua rau. Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, yog tias cov anodes tsis ua kom zoo, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm anode thiab cathode tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Raws li Ohm txoj cai, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov anode thiab cathode muaj feem xyuam rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv. Qhov kev ncua deb ua rau qis qis dua thiab qhov ceev dua tam sim no, thaum qhov kev ncua ntev ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua thiab qis dua tam sim no. Yog li, yog tias cov anodes tsis raug, qee qhov chaw yuav muaj qhov ceev tam sim no ntau dua li lwm tus, ua rau tsis sib xws tam sim no.

Qhov roughness ntawm cathode nto tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev faib tawm tam sim no. Ib qho ntxhib cathode nto muaj qhov tsis sib xws uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab hluav taws xob ua kom pom tseeb hauv qee qhov chaw. Qhov concentration ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob no ua rau muaj qhov ceev dua tam sim no ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawd. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no kev faib tawm ntawm cov anode thiab cathode ua tsis sib xws

Electrolyte flow stagnation yog lwm yam. Yog hais tias cov electrolyte tsis ntws sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw anode, yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj reactants thiab cov khoom ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm anode. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis khov electrolyte ntws, qhov concentration ntawm reactants yuav txo tau lub sij hawm, thaum lub concentration ntawm cov khoom yuav nce. Qhov concentration gradient no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical thiab ua rau tsis sib xws tam sim no

2. Kev daws teeb meem:Txhawm rau kho qhov tsis sib xws tam sim no, thawj kauj ruam yog los kho cov anodes. Xyuas kom meej tias cov anodes yog sib npaug rau ib leeg thiab mus rau cathode, nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm tsawg dua 1 hli. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov khoom sib dhos kom raug thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa thiab tsis tu ncua xyuas thiab kho cov haujlwm anode.

Polishing qhov ntxhib cathode nto tuaj yeem pab tau. Ib tug du cathode nto tso cai rau ib tug ntau yam uniform faib ntawm cov hluav taws xob teb kab, uas ua rau ib tug ntau txawm tam sim no tis. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov txheej txheem polishing lossis tshuaj etching txoj kev los tshem tawm qhov tsis sib xws.

Optimizing electrolyte ncig yog qhov tseem ceeb. Khaws tus nqi ntws ntawm 0.5 - 1.0 m/s thoob plaws qhov chaw anode. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov twj tso kua mis tsim nyog thiab ntws - tswj cov khoom siv hauv cov tshuab electrolyte. Tus nqi txaus txaus ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov electrolyte tau hloov kho tas li nyob ib ncig ntawm lub anode, tswj kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov reactants thiab cov khoom lag luam thiab txhawb kev faib tawm tam sim no.

Ib qhov zoo - kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv (PM) qhov kev pab cuam yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom lub sij hawm ntev - kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis - coated titanium anodes. Qhov zaus ntawm kev saib xyuas kev ua ub no yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb uas siv cov anodes. Nov yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxaws ntawm PM lub sijhawm raws li ntau hom kev thov:

Kev tuav cov ntaub ntawv raug yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas. Lub cav digital yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm tag nrho cov anode - cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm, kev saib xyuas, thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem. Cov log digital no ua haujlwm zoo li cov peev txheej tseem ceeb rau kev taug qab kev ua tau zoo thiab kev tsom xam.

Anode kev khiav hauj lwm tsis xws li tam sim no, voltage, thiab kub yog cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Los ntawm kev sau cov kev txwv tsis tu ncua, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv txawv txav. Piv txwv li, qhov nce ntawm qhov hluav taws xob nyob rau lub sijhawm, thaum lub sijhawm tam sim no thiab qhov kub thiab txias tseem nyob ruaj khov, yuav qhia tau tias qhov nce ntawm qhov anode tsis kam. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim txheej txheej degradation, tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm anode nto, lossis lwm yam teeb meem.

Kev saib xyuas, suav nrog kev tu, kho, thiab hloov cov khoom, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo sau tseg. Qhov no suav nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li hnub txij nkawm, hom kev saib xyuas, cov khoom hloov pauv (yog tias muaj), thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tswv yim kev saib xyuas sib txawv thiab hauv kev kwv yees thaum yuav tsum muaj kev saib xyuas yav tom ntej.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag, kev ntsuam xyuas electrochemical kev ua tau zoo, thiab tsis yog - kev ntsuas kev puas tsuaj (NDT) yuav tsum tau sau ib yam. Piv txwv li, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm polarization nkhaus tsom xam tuaj yeem muab kev nkag siab rau hauv anode txoj haujlwm electrocatalytic. Yog hais tias lub polarization nkhaus qhia tau hais tias ib tug tseem ceeb hloov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, nws yuav qhia tau hais tias ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub anode lub nto khoom los yog degradation ntawm precious hlau txheej.

Kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg no tuaj yeem siv los kwv yees lub neej txheej ntawm anode. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias qhov voltage nce tus nqi ntawm lub anode yog ntsuas ntawm 10 mV / hli, raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab cov anode cov specifications, nws yuav kwv yees hais tias lub anode muaj ib tug seem lub neej ntawm 12 - 18 hli ntawm lub load tam sim no. Qhov kev twv ua ntej no tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm npaj rau kev hloov pauv anode lossis kev kho dua tshiab ua ntej, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev poob siab thiab kev cuam tshuam ntau lawm. Los ntawm kev siv cov kev ntsuas sib txawv, cov tuam txhab tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua lawv cov sijhawm tu, txo cov nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm anode ntxov ntxov, thiab xyuas kom muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem electrochemical.

Thaum cov hlau muaj nuj nqis - coated titanium anode qhia pom tias degradation tab sis lub hauv paus titanium substrate tseem zoo lawm, txheej refurbishment yuav ua tau ib tug nqi - zoo tshuaj. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau rejuvenating degraded coatings yog tshem tawm cov txheej qub thiab rov - siv ib qho tshiab.

Thawj kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem no yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov txheej txheej qub ntawm cov tshuaj etching. Piv txwv li, 5% hydrofluoric acid tov yuav siv tau rau 5 feeb kom tshem tawm cov txheej txheem hlau qub qub. Hydrofluoric acid reacts nrog hlau oxides nyob rau hauv lub txheej, dissolving lawv thiab tso cai rau lawv tshem tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas zoo thaum siv hydrofluoric acid vim nws qhov xwm txheej zoo heev. Kev ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb kom raug, xws li hnav khaub ncaws tiv thaiv, hnab looj tes, thiab tsom iav, thiab ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw zoo - qhov cua, yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Tom qab cov txheej txheej qub tau muab tshem tawm, titanium nto yuav tsum tau rov ua dua - pretreated. Qhov no feem ntau suav nrog kev tu qhov chaw kom tshem tawm cov seem seem ntawm cov txheej txheem etching thiab xyuas kom meej tias nws tsis muaj kab mob. Qhov saum npoo yuav degreased siv cov kuab tshuaj xws li acetone lossis isopropyl cawv thiab tom qab ntawd yaug kom huv si nrog dej deionized.

Thaum qhov chaw tau kho ua ntej - kho, cov txheej txheem hlau tshiab tuaj yeem siv tau. Ob txoj hauv kev los siv cov txheej txheem tshiab yog thermal decomposition thiab electro - deposition. Nyob rau hauv thermal decomposition, ib tug tov uas muaj precursors hlau precursors, xws li hlau ntsev, yog siv rau titanium nto. Lub coated substrate yog ces rhuab mus rau ib tug high kub, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 400 - 500℃. Thaum lub sij hawm cua sov, cov hlau ntsev decompose, thiab cov hlau muaj nuj nqis oxides yog tsim thiab tso rau ntawm titanium nto, tsim ib tug tshiab, haumxeeb txheej.

Hauv electro - deposition, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no yog siv los tso cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig mus rau titanium substrate. Lub titanium anode yog muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem electrolyte uas muaj cov hlau ions muaj nuj nqis. Thaum cov hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, cov hlau muaj nuj nqis ions tau nyiam mus rau qhov tsis zoo titanium substrate thiab muab tso rau ntawm nws qhov chaw, tsim cov txheej tshiab. Lub thickness thiab zoo ntawm txheej tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev kho qhov ceev tam sim no, lub sij hawm tso nyiaj, thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj electrolyte.

Los ntawm rejuvenating lub degraded coatings los ntawm cov txheej txheem no, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov anode tuaj yeem rov qab los, thiab nws txoj sia yuav txuas ntxiv mus. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txuag tus nqi ntawm kev yuav khoom tshiab anode tab sis kuj txo cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov anodes tshiab.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev saib xyuas cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig - coated titanium anodes. Thaum lub sij hawm tu txheej txheem, siv electrolytes thiab ntxuav cov kev daws teeb meem yog tsim, thiab cov tshuaj no feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj phem thiab hlau.

Kev pov tseg cov khoom siv electrolytes thiab ntxuav cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm kev tso cai pov tseg cov chaw pov tseg yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov chaw no tau nruab los daws thiab kho cov khoom pov tseg kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, siv cov electrolytes los ntawm chlor - alkali hlwb yuav muaj cov tshuaj chloride ions siab, cov hlau hnyav, thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog tias cov electrolytes tsis raug pov tseg kom zoo, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov av, dej, thiab huab cua, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig.

Rov qab tau cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov txheej txheem hnav yog lwm yam ntawm ib puag ncig lub luag haujlwm hauv kev saib xyuas anode. Qhov no ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam ncig, uas yog lub hom phiaj kom txo cov khoom pov tseg thiab ua kom muaj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws. Acid leaching thiab nag lossis daus yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Hauv cov kua qaub leaching, hnav - tawm anode yog kho nrog cov kua qaub, xws li hydrochloric acid lossis sulfuric acid. Cov kua qaub reacts nrog cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis, yaj cov hlau thiab ua hlau - uas muaj cov kev daws teeb meem.

Tom qab cov txheej txheem acid leaching, cov txheej txheem nag lossis daus yog siv los cais cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev daws. Cov tshuaj reagents tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj, ua rau cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig ions los ua cov khoom khib nyiab. Cov khib nyiab no tuaj yeem ua tiav ntxiv thiab ua kom zoo kom tau txais cov hlau zoo nkauj. Cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rov qab tuaj yeem rov qab siv dua hauv kev tsim cov anodes tshiab lossis lwm yam kev siv, txo qhov xav tau rau kev rho tawm thawj cov hlau los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txuag cov peev txheej ntuj tab sis kuj txo cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem mining thiab hlau rho tawm. Los ntawm kev ua raws li cov kev coj ua ib puag ncig hauv kev saib xyuas anode, cov tuam txhab tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov thaum ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem electrochemical.