Daim ntawv thov ntawm Titanium Anodes hauv Chlor-Alkali Kev Lag Luam: Cov Ntsiab Cai, Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Ntsuas Tus Nqi Hluav Taws Xob

Raws li kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg thoob ntiaj teb, qib kev loj hlob ntawm chlor-alkali kev lag luam yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb kawg ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim, chlor- cov khoom alkali txhawb kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam hauv qab xws li kev lag luam, textile printing thiab dyeing, dej kho thiab purification, plastic manufacturing, food processing, and petrochemicals. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam suav nrog ob yam khoom siv tshuaj tseem ceeb: chlorine gas thiab sodium hydroxide (feem ntau hu ua caustic soda), thiab siab - purity hydrogen gas yog tsim los ntawm - khoom thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. Ntawm lawv, cov roj chlorine yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev npaj polyvinyl chloride (PVC), organic chlorides, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab lwm yam khoom; caustic soda yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam xws li papermaking, xab npum ua, alumina refining, thiab tshuaj fiber ntau; cov los ntawm - cov roj hydrogen tsim tau tuaj yeem siv los ua lub zog huv lossis siv los tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj xws li ammonia thiab methanol, tsim cov saw hlau ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab. Nws cov efficiency ntau lawm thiab cov khoom zoo ncaj qha txiav txim siab tus nqi tswj thiab cov khoom sib tw ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv qab.

Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm chlor-alkali ntau lawm yeej tseem ceeb decomposes aqueous sodium chloride tov (industrially hu ua brine) rau hauv lub hom phiaj cov khoom xws li chlorine gas, caustic soda, thiab hydrogen gas los ntawm electrochemical redox tshuaj. Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj siv tshuaj niaj hnub uas tso siab rau lub zog thermal-tsav los yog tshuaj lom neeg catalyst-induced molecular rearrangement cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj chlor-alkali yuav tsum vam khom lub zog hluav taws xob kom ncaj qha pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox ntawm cov electrode kom ua tiav. Los ntawm cov tshuaj thermodynamics foundations, sodium chloride yog ib qho thermodynamically ruaj khov ionic compound, thiab kev tawg ntawm nws cov ionic bonds yuav tsum muaj lub zog sab nraud. Cov txheej txheem electrolysis tuaj yeem muab kev taw qhia thiab tswj tau lub zog tawm tswv yim rau kev tawg ntawm ionic daim ntawv cog lus los ntawm kev tswj hwm lub zog hluav taws xob, uas yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev siv nyiaj txiag kom paub txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem electrochemical tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv kev daws teeb meem hauv chlor-alkali ntau lawm, tab sis yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa system los xyuas kom meej qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig loj -.

Cov txheej txheem electrolysis yog "lub zog cav" ntawm tag nrho cov chlor-alkali ntau lawm saw, ncaj qha txiav txim siab ntau lawm efficiency thiab cov khoom zoo. Hauv cov txheej txheem electrolysis, oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm chloride ions tshwm sim hauv thaj av anode los tsim cov roj chlorine, txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej molecules tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam cathode los tsim cov roj hydrogen thiab hydroxide ions, thiab hydroxide ions ua ke nrog sodium ions tsiv mus rau thaj tsam cathode los tsim cov dej qab zib caustic. Peb cov khoom tau raug muab cais los ntawm cov khoom sib cais tshwj xeeb kom paub meej cov khoom purity. Cov los ntawm - tsim cov pa roj hydrogen, tom qab sau thiab ua kom huv, tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub Hoobkas lub zog ua roj lossis siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg txuas ntxiv, txhim kho cov peev txheej siv nyiaj txiag thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau cov kev cai ib puag ncig nruj zuj zus, niaj hnub chlor-alkali electrolysis technology (tshwj xeeb yog cov tshuab electrolysis membrane) tau ua tiav qhov kev hloov kho ib puag ncig zoo piv nrog cov tshuaj diaphragm electrolysis thiab mercury electrolysis technologies. Membrane electrolysis thev naus laus zis siv perfluorinated ion exchange membranes raws li kev sib cais tawm, uas zoo heev txo cov tsim kev puas tsuaj los ntawm - cov khoom, txo cov emissions ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab pov tseg; kaw- txheej txheem tsim cov voj voog tsim kom txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, ua kom nws ua tau zoo dua raws li kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb txoj cai lij choj rau ntsuab thiab qis-carbon txoj kev loj hlob, thiab ntxiv consolidating lub tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm electrochemical system nyob rau hauv chlor{11}}alkali ntau lawm.

Kev lag luam chlor-alkali tam sim no tab tom ntsib ntau yam teeb meem thiab teeb meem hauv nws txoj kev txhim kho, tsom mus rau peb qhov tseem ceeb: kev tswj kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua raws li ib puag ncig, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev - cov khoom siv ruaj khov. Hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob, chlor-alkali ntau lawm yog kev lag luam siab - zog-, nrog rau cov nqi hluav taws xob suav txog 30-50% ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj cov tshuaj chlorine evolution ntau dhau, ua rau muaj kev siv hluav taws xob ntau ntawm electrolyzers, uas yog qhov nyuaj rau kev hloov mus rau tam sim no kev tsim kho kev lag luam ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab kev txo qis carbon. Hais txog kev ua raws li ib puag ncig, hauv qee cov txheej txheem tsim khoom qub, cov plua plav tsim los ntawm kev xeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (xws li graphite anodes) tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa phem ion pauv thiab electrolytes, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev pov tseg ntawm cov khoom pov tseg uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov electrode nquag ntsib ib puag ncig siab. In terms of equipment operation, the harsh environment of high current density, high temperature, and strong corrosion in chlor-alkali electrolyzers results in short service life of traditional electrodes (eg, graphite anodes only last 1-2 years), requiring frequent shutdowns for replacement. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog nce tus nqi txij nkawm tab sis tseem cuam tshuam kev tsim khoom txuas ntxiv, cuam tshuam rau kev muaj peev xwm ntau lawm.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium anodes muab txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem saum toj no. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv lub zog tswj, cov hlau muaj nuj nqis txheej rau saum npoo ntawm titanium anodes tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj chlorine evolution overpotential. Piv nrog rau cov tsoos graphite anodes, lub cell voltage yuav txo tau los ntawm 0.2-0.3V. Raws li kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv suav, tag nrho cov kev siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm 3-5%, zoo txo ​​qhov siab ntawm kev siv zog siab. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua raws li ib puag ncig, titanium anodes muaj lub neej ua haujlwm ntev thiab tsis tsim cov plua plav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem txo cov pa phem rau cov khoom siv membrane thiab electrolytes, txo cov dej khib nyiab, thiab tib lub sijhawm txo cov khoom pov tseg electrodes, txo cov khoom pov tseg siab. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg cov cuab yeej ua hauj lwm, zoo heev corrosion kuj thiab dimension stability ntawm lub titanium substrate, ua ke nrog lub siab stability ntawm precious hlau txheej, ua kom titanium anodes muaj ib tug kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm 5-8 xyoo, zoo heev ncua lub electrode hloov lub voj voog, txo unplanned shutdowns, xyuas kom meej ntau lawm continuation, thiab txo cov nqi zog thiab khoom procurement.

Ib qho chlor-alkali electrolyzer yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntau ntau -cov khoom sib koom ua ke. Nws tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo tsis yog ib qho yooj yim superposition ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib tus neeg, tab sis nyob ntawm qhov sib txuam thiab kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam khoom. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaw lus yog muab qhov chaw ruaj khov thiab tswj tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig rau electrochemical redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, paub txog kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov brine thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom. Cov khoom tseem ceeb muaj xws li plaub pawg: anode, cathode, diaphragm (los yog ion exchange membrane), thiab electrolyte. Txhua yam khoom siv ua haujlwm sib txuas thiab ua haujlwm sib cuam tshuam, sib koom ua ke txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo tam sim no, qib kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov, thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm electrolyzer. Yog li ntawd, kom nkag siab tag nrho lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov anode hauv chlor-alkali ntau lawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum dhia tawm ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm ib qho khoom siv, pib los ntawm kev ua haujlwm logic ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab electrolyzer, thiab qhia meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov anode hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv saw thiab nws cov kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov khoom.

1.Electrolyte:Cov electrolyte yog cov ion thauj nruab nrab thiab cov khoom siv raw khoom thauj khoom rau chlor-alkali electrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog siab -concentration aqueous sodium chloride tov uas tau ua kom huv si tob. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab cov chloride ions txaus thiab sodium ions rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ua tus neeg xyuas pib ionic kom paub txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov anode thiab cathode. Cov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov electrolyte (xws li sodium chloride concentration, kub, pH nqi, thiab impurity cov ntsiab lus) ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, tam sim no efficiency, thiab electrode kev pab cuam lub neej. Hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (brine) yuav tsum tau kho kom huv huv kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo xws li calcium, magnesium, sulfate, thiab fluoride ions. Ntawm lawv, calcium thiab magnesium ions yuav tsim precipitates thiab scale ntawm electrode nto, thaiv qhov chaw nquag ntawm electrode; fluoride ions yuav rhuav tshem cov zaj duab xis passive ntawm titanium electrode, ua rau electrode corrosion tsis ua hauj lwm; sulfate ions yuav cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xaiv. Yog li ntawd, brine purification yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej - txheej txheem los xyuas kom meej qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov electrolyzer.

2.Anode:Lub anode yog qhov chaw uas muaj oxidation tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm chlor-alkali electrolysis. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ruaj khov rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation ntawm chloride ions, paub txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj chloride ions mus rau cov roj chlorine. Cov khoom siv kev ua tau zoo, cov qauv saum npoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntawm lub anode ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm dhau, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, kev ua haujlwm tam sim no ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution, thiab qib kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm electrolyzer. Under the harsh long-term operating environment of high current density, strong corrosion, and high temperature, the anode material must meet multiple stringent requirements such as corrosion resistance, high electrical conductivity, high catalytic activity, and dimensional stability. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab tag nrho kev ua haujlwm thiab kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm electrolyzer.

3.Cathode:Lub cathode yog qhov chaw uas txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cuam tshuam rau kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej molecules, tsim cov roj hydrogen thiab hydroxide ions. Ntawm qhov chaw cathode, cov dej molecules tau txais electrons kom txo qis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim cov roj hydrogen thiab hydroxide ions. Cov hydroxide ions ua ke nrog sodium ions tsiv los ntawm lub anode chamber mus rau cathode chamber los ntawm diaphragm / membrane los tsim sodium hydroxide tov. Cov khoom siv cathode yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev hauv qhov chaw muaj zog alkaline, kev siv hluav taws xob siab, thiab kev ua haujlwm catalytic rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogen evolution. Cov khoom siv cathode feem ntau muaj xws li npib tsib xee, hlau-raws li alloys, ntxeem tau npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj zog alkaline rau lub sijhawm ntev, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo catalyze hydrogen evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo hydrogen evolution overpotential, thiab txo lub zog noj.

4. Diaphragm / Membrane:Lub diaphragm los yog ion txauv membrane yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua haujlwm tivthaiv uas cais cov anode chamber thiab cathode chamber ntawm electrolyzer. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog xav txog ob yam: ua ntej, kom ua tiav kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom siv anode thiab cathode, tiv thaiv cov kev cuam tshuam thib ob ntawm cov roj chlorine uas tsim los ntawm anode thiab hydrogen gas thiab caustic soda generated ntawm cathode (xws li chlorine gas reacting nrog caustic soda los tsim sodium hypochlorite, ua rau cov khoom poob thiab txo cov khoom purity); Qhov thib ob, kom paub txog kev xaiv tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov ions tshwj xeeb, kom ntseeg tau tias sodium ions tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm lub anode chamber mus rau cathode chamber thiab ua ke nrog hydroxide ions los tsim cov dej qab zib caustic. Muaj peb lub ntsiab kev sib cais technologies uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam: tsoos diaphragm electrolysis technology (siv asbestos los yog polymer diaphragms), mercury electrolysis technology uas tau maj phased tawm (siv ib tug mercury cathode los ua ib tug amalgam), thiab niaj hnub mainstream membrane electrolysis technology (siv perfluorinated ion exchange membranes). Ntawm lawv, perfluorinated ion txauv membranes muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo xws li kev xaiv ion siab, muaj zog tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua tam sim no thiab cov khoom purity, thiab tau dhau los ua qhov kev xaiv tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub loj - nplai chlor-alkali nroj tsuag.

Hauv chlor-alkali electrolyzer system, lub anode yog nyob rau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab nws qhov kev ua tau zoo cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tsim cov roj chlorine, cov khoom purity, thiab qib kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, cov kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntawm anode txiav txim siab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov qauv ntawm cov anode cuam tshuam rau cov desorption efficiency ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom, thiab corrosion kuj ntawm cov anode ncaj qha txiav txim lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm lub electrolyzer. Txij li thaum lub anode ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav ib puag ncig ntawm high tam sim no ceev ceev (2-6 kA / m²), siab kub (80{7}}90 degree), thiab muaj zog corrosion (concentrated brine + chlorine gas) rau lub sij hawm ntev, nws ntsib ntau yam tsis ua hauj lwm txaus ntshai xws li corrosion, hnav, thiab txheej shedding dua lwm yam Cheebtsam, 1 1 k 1 ril fa 1 k cov khoom hauv electrolyzer. Thaum lub anode ua tsis tiav, nws yuav ncaj qha ua rau txo qis hauv electrolyzer tam sim no efficiency, nce siab zog, thiab txo cov khoom purity. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov saw hlau tsis ua haujlwm xws li electrode luv circuits thiab membrane tivthaiv kev puas tsuaj, ua rau tsis muaj kev npaj kaw thiab kev lag luam loj loj rau kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, xaiv cov khoom siv anode nrog kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm chlor-alkali electrolyzers thiab tswj cov nqi tsim khoom.

Titanium anodes yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw tshwj xeeb tsim los rau qhov hnyav electrochemical ib puag ncig. Lawv cov qauv muaj ob ntu: titanium substrate thiab txheej txheej hlau zoo nkauj, uas tau sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb los ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke. Ntawm lawv, titanium substrate, raws li cov qauv kev txhawb nqa thiab kev siv lub hauv paus ntawm cov electrode, ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib kis tam sim no, txhawb nqa cov duab electrode, thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab, xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev, txhua yam muaj zog, thiab corrosion kuj; Cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov electrode, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm oxides lossis sib xyaw oxides ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig xws li ruthenium, iridium, thiab platinum, nrog cov txheej txheej tuab feem ntau tswj ntawm 2-5 microns. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab cov chaw catalytic muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tshuaj chlorine evolution, txo qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution, thiab tib lub sijhawm txhim kho corrosion kuj thiab kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov electrode. Qhov sib xyaw qauv tsim ntawm "substrate + txheej" tuaj yeem muab kev ua si tag nrho rau qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm titanium substrate thiab siab catalytic kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis txheej, ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm "cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg + cov txiaj ntsig catalysis", thiab ua kom zoo sib xws cov kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm electrolysis chlor-alkali.

1. Zoo heev Corrosion Resistance:Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm titanium substrate yog nws cov corrosion kuj zoo heev nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hnyav ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm titanium hlau. When titanium metal is exposed to oxygen or oxidizing environments (such as the chlorine gas atmosphere in chlor-alkali electrolyzers), it rapidly forms a dense, uniform, and firmly bonded titanium dioxide (TiO₂) passive film on the surface. Cov zaj duab xis passive no muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis txaus ntseeg, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev yaig ntawm cov xov xwm muaj zog corrosive xws li siab - kub concentrated brine, chlorine gas, thiab hydrochloric acid, thiab tiv thaiv corrosion ntxiv ntawm substrate. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, zaj duab xis passive no muaj peev xwm kho tau tus kheej -. Yog tias cov yeeb yaj kiab raug puas tsuaj vim kev siv tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg hauv zos, thiab lwm yam, titanium substrate yuav sai sai rov tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tshiab hauv cov pa oxygen -muaj lossis oxidizing ib puag ncig, tsis tu ncua kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov hlau zoo tib yam (xws li hlau, tooj liab, txhuas) yuav sai sai oxidative corrosion nyob rau hauv lub chlor{11}}alkali ib puag ncig, generating soluble hlau chlorides, ua rau electrode tsis ua hauj lwm thiab paug ntawm electrolyte; ib txwm graphite anodes, txawm hais tias kuj corrosion{12}}resistant, yuav ua rau qeeb corrosion thiab hnav nyob rau hauv ntev - lub sij hawm siab ceev tam sim no ua hauj lwm, generating graphite plua plav, pa phem membrane Cheebtsam thiab txo cov khoom purity.

2 .Zoo heev Dimensional Stability:Thaum lub sij hawm ntev -lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis, qhov seem stability ntawm electrode ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev ua hauj lwm efficiency thiab lub zog noj theem ntawm lub electrolyzer. Txij li thaum lub anode-cathode qhov sib nrug ntawm lub electrolyzer feem ntau yog tswj nyob rau hauv ib qho me me (ntau millimeters), yog tias cov electrode deformed, shrunk, los yog corroded thiab hnav, lub anode -cathode spacing yuav nce, ua rau lub ohmic poob ntawm cov electrolyte, ua rau kom nce nyob rau hauv cell voltage thiab zog noj. Titanium hlau muaj zog txhua yam zoo heev thiab siab - kub stability. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis ntawm 80{10}}90 degree, nws tuaj yeem tswj cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov electrode ruaj khov rau lub sijhawm ntev yam tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb deformation, shrinkage, los yog corrosion hnav, xyuas kom meej tias cov anode-cathode spacing yog ib txwm khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntau yam, guaranteeing uniformizing tam sim no ohmic. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov tsoos graphite anodes yuav maj mam txo nyob rau hauv loj vim corrosion thiab hnav thaum lub sij hawm ntev - lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm, yuav tsum tau nquag hloov ntawm cov electrode spacing los yog hloov cov electrode, nce nqi txij nkawm thiab downtime; Cov hlau electrodes zoo tib yam yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo vim yog corrosion thiab deformation, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev.

Txhawm rau kom meej meej qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm titanium anodes, kev sib piv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog ua nrog lwm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tau siv los yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam chlor-alkali. Cov ntaub ntawv sib piv tshwj xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no:

Cov ntsiab lus sib piv piav qhia ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv yog raws li hauv qab no:

1.Piv nrog Graphite Anodes:Graphite anodes yog siv dav siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv chlor-alkali kev lag luam thaum ntxov, nrog cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi qis thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev lag luam chlor-alkali kev lag luam loj hlob mus rau qhov loj- nplai thiab siab- ua haujlwm tau zoo, qhov tsis txaus ntawm graphite anodes tau maj mam ua qhov tseem ceeb: ua ntej, qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo, uas yuav ua rau corrosion thiab hnav thaum lub sij hawm ntev - ua haujlwm, ua rau txo cov electrode loj thiab cov duab deformation, tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntau xyoo, feem ntau yog 2 xyoo kev pab cuam. Thib ob, siab dhau ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua rau muaj zog siv hluav taws xob ntau ntawm electrolyzer. Piv nrog titanium anodes, lub cell voltage feem ntau yog 0.2-0.3V siab dua, nce nqi zog; thib peb, graphite plua plav generated los ntawm corrosion yuav ua rau cov ion pauv membrane, thaiv cov ion channel ntawm daim nyias nyias, txo cov kev pab cuam lub neej thiab ion selectivity ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab ntxiv cov nqi khiav hauj lwm; thib plaub, tsis tshua muaj neeg kho tshuab lub zog, uas yog ib qho yooj yim rau tawg thaum lub sij hawm installation thiab txij nkawm, ua rau kev ua hauj lwm nyuaj. Titanium anodes muaj kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm 5-8 xyoo, tsis tshua muaj chlorine evolution overpotential, thiab tsis muaj plua plav paug teeb meem, uas tuaj yeem daws cov teeb meem saum toj no ntawm graphite anodes.

2.Comparison nrog Ordinary Hlau Anodes (Hlau, tooj liab, Aluminium):Cov khoom siv hlau zoo tib yam muaj qhov zoo xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo, tus nqi qis, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsawg, tab sis lawv cov corrosion kuj tsis zoo nyob rau hauv qhov muaj zog corrosive ib puag ncig ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev -. Piv txwv li, hlau electrodes nyob rau hauv concentrated brine thiab chlorine gas ib puag ncig yuav sai sai oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov khoom soluble xws li ferrous chloride thiab ferric chloride, ua rau kom sai electrode poob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hlau ions generated yuav ua rau cov electrolyte thiab ion exchange membrane, ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim nyias nyias; tooj liab thiab txhuas electrodes tseem yuav raug kev cuam tshuam zoo sib xws los tsim cov chlorides soluble, ua rau electrode tsis ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv hlau zoo tib yam tsuas yog siv tau rau luv luv - lub sij hawm thwmsim lossis qis - corrosion electrochemical ib puag ncig, thiab siv tsis tau ntev li - lub sij hawm ua haujlwm electrodes rau chlor-alkali electrolysis.

3.Piv nrog Precious Hlau Anodes (Platinum, Kub):Cov hlau zoo nkauj xws li platinum thiab kub muaj cov kev ua haujlwm zoo catalytic thiab corrosion kuj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj chlorine evolution zoo thiab muaj lub neej ua haujlwm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab cov nqi siab heev, yog tias cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo siv los ua cov electrodes, tus nqi yuav tsis tsim nyog, thiab tsis muaj kev lag luam kev lag luam txhua. Los ntawm txheej txheej nyias ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis oxide txheej ntawm titanium substrate, titanium anodes tuaj yeem ua tiav catalytic kev ua tau zoo sib npaug ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig hlau electrodes nrog tsuas yog me me ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, txo cov nqi tsim khoom ntawm cov electrode, thiab ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm "tus nqi qis + kev ua haujlwm siab", ua qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam.

Hauv cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm titanium anodes, titanium substrate thiab cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig tsim kom muaj kev sib faib ua haujlwm, thiab ob qho kev ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke los xyuas kom meej qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov electrode. Ntawm lawv, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm titanium substrate yog los muab kev txhawb nqa, xa tawm tam sim no, thiab tiv thaiv corrosion, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tswj kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov tam sim no hauv cov cheeb tsam hnyav; Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej tias cov ntshiab titanium substrate nws tus kheej muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj kev ua haujlwm catalytic rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorine evolution thiab tsis tshua muaj siab heev rau cov tshuaj chlorine evolution. Yog tias siv ncaj qha rau hauv chlor-alkali electrolysis, nws yuav ua rau lub zog hluav taws xob ntau dhau, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob yuav nyob deb tshaj qhov kev zam nyiaj txiag ntau, ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov khoom tsim tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, raws li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov electrode, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau tseem ceeb yog ua kom tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntawm titanium substrate, muab cov chaw ua haujlwm catalytic muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorine evolution, txo qhov ua kom lub zog thiab overpotential ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorine evolution tsawg dua. Hauv luv luv, titanium substrate yog lub luag haujlwm rau "kev txhawb nqa ruaj khov", thiab cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog lub luag haujlwm rau "kev ua kom zoo catalysis". Ob leeg yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab ua ke ua ib lub siab -kev ua tau zoo electrode uas ua tau raws li cov cai ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorine evolution yog ntau - cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Nws txoj kev ua tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum mus dhau peb cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb: "chloride ion adsorption - electron hloov - chlorine desorption". Tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txiav txim los ntawm "tus nqi- txiav txim siab kauj ruam" nrog lub zog ua kom siab tshaj plaws hauv cov kauj ruam. Cov txheej txheem catalytic ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis tseem ceeb ua kom zoo rau txoj kev tshuaj tiv thaiv, stabilizes cov tshuaj tiv thaiv intermediates, txo cov kev ua kom lub zog ntawm tus nqi - txiav txim siab cov kauj ruam, yog li ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai thiab txo cov overpotential xav tau rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tshwj xeeb, thaum cov tshuaj chloride ions (Cl⁻) diffuse mus rau qhov chaw anode, lawv yuav xub tau adsorbed rau cov chaw nquag ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm electrostatic attraction thiab tshuaj affinity, tsim adsorbed chloride ions (Cl⁻); Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud, lub adsorbed chloride ions hloov ib qho hluav taws xob mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm txheej txheej, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation los tsim cov tshuaj chlorine atom intermediates (Cl•). Cov kauj ruam no yog tus nqi - txiav txim siab cov kauj ruam ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution, uas yuav tsum tau kov yeej lub zog ua kom siab dua. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txo qhov kev ua kom lub zog ntawm cov kauj ruam no los ntawm kev ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine atom intermediates, yog li txo qhov overpotential ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution. Txij li cov nqi hluav taws xob suav txog 30-50% ntawm chlor-alkali cov nqi tsim khoom, qhov txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov ncaj qha mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, txhim kho kev lag luam ntau lawm.

Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw anode ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis, vim muaj ib txhij muaj cov tshuaj chloride ions (Cl⁻) thiab dej molecules (H₂O), ob qho tib si oxidation tshwm sim tuaj yeem tshwm sim: ib qho yog cov tshuaj chlorine evolution uas xav tau (2Cl⁻ → Cl₂⁻) thiab lwm yam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa oxygen. (2H₂O → O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pa oxygen evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo: ua ntej, nws siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tab sis tsis tsim cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, txo cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no; Thib ob, cov pa oxygen generated yuav raug kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj chlorine gas thiab caustic soda los tsim impurities xws li hypochlorous acid thiab sodium chlorate, txo cov khoom purity; thib peb, oxygen dawb radicals yuav raug tsim tawm thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxygen evolution. Cov dawb radicals no muaj zog heev oxidizing zog, uas yuav ua rau kom lub degradation ntawm precious hlau txheej thiab ion pauv membrane, shortening lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm lub electrode thiab daim nyias nyias. Yog li ntawd, inhibiting cov pa oxygen evolution sab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho cov kev xaiv ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej cov efficiency thiab stability ntawm chlor-alkali electrolysis. Los ntawm nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb, cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig ua tiav cov kev xaiv catalysis ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: cov chaw nquag ntawm cov txheej txheej muaj zog adsorption affinity rau chloride ions, uas muaj peev xwm nyiam adsorb chloride ions thiab catalyze lawv oxidation; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv txheej muaj qhov tsis muaj zog adsorption muaj peev xwm rau cov dej molecules, thiab lub zog ua kom lub zog ntawm cov pa oxygen evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov siab dua li cov tshuaj chlorine evolution, yog li inhibiting qhov tshwm sim ntawm oxygen evolution sab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev xaiv ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig sib txawv. Hauv kev lag luam, kev sib xyaw oxide txheej ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig xws li ruthenium thiab iridium feem ntau yog siv los ua kom zoo dua cov tshuaj chlorine evolution xaiv.

Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig ncaj qha txiav txim siab txog kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm titanium anode, thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm txheej yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig (kub, tam sim no ntom ntom, electrolyte muaj pes tsawg leeg). Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov txheej txheem sib xyaw oxide txheej (xws li RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂, IrO₂-TaO₂, thiab lwm yam) feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov oxides sib txawv, qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm catalytic, kev xaiv, thiab kev ruaj ntseg yog tiav. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) muaj cov catalytic siab heev rau chlorine evolution, tab sis nws yog nquag oxidative dissolution nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj peev xwm los yog oxygen dawb radicals, thiab nws stability kuj tsis zoo; iridium oxide (IrO₂) muaj me ntsis qis catalytic kev ua si rau chlorine evolution tshaj ruthenium oxide, tab sis muaj zog oxidation tsis kam thiab ruaj khov, uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus yaig ntawm oxygen dawb radicals; titanium oxide (TiO₂) tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov sib txuas sib txuas ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov titanium substrate, txhim kho cov adhesion ntawm txheej, thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm txheej txheej. Kev npaj cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov oxides hauv qhov sib piv tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem muab kev ua si tag nrho rau qhov zoo ntawm txhua qhov khoom: ruthenium oxide ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm siab catalytic, iridium oxide txhim kho txheej txheej ruaj khov, thiab titanium oxide txhim kho kev sib txuas sib txuas, ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm "kev ua haujlwm siab + kev ruaj ntseg". Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem kev npaj ntawm txheej kuj tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg. Hauv kev lag luam, cov txheej txheem thermal decomposition feem ntau yog siv: tom qab txheej txheej muaj nuj nqis hlau ntsev tov rau ntawm titanium substrate nto, thermal decomposition yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 450-550℃los hloov cov ntsev mus rau hauv oxide txheej thiab tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus ruaj khov nrog cov substrate, kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem tsis yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm ntev los yog yaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tam sim no.

Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam chlor-alkali ntau lawm yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no, kub siab, thiab muaj zog corrosion, muab cov kev cai nruj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm titanium anodes. Tshwj xeeb, kev khiav hauj lwm tam sim no ceev ntawm industrial chlor-alkali electrolyzers feem ntau yog tswj ntawm 2-6 kA / m². Qhov kev ntsuas no ncaj qha txiav txim siab cov roj chlorine tso tawm ib chav tsev electrode. Kev kub ceev tam sim no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav loj- teev ntau lawm, tab sis nws yuav ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm electrochemical load thiab thermal load ntawm electrode; Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm electrolyte feem ntau yog khaws cia ntawm 80-90℃. Qhov ntsuas kub no tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm ion tsiv teb tsaws, txo cov electrolyte viscosity, thiab txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, tab sis nws tseem yuav ua rau muaj kev txhoj puab heev ntawm qhov nruab nrab corrosive; cov electrolyte yog purified heev concentrated brine (sodium chloride concentration 200-300 g / L), nrog rau cov muaj zog corrosive media xws li chlorine gas thiab hydrochloric acid. Raws li cov xwm txheej hnyav, titanium anodes yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab ruaj khov rau 5-8 xyoo, thaum lub sijhawm lawv yuav tsum muaj kev ruaj ntseg catalytic kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo (Cov ntaub ntawv: "Chlor-Alkali Kev Lag Luam Electrolyzer Tsim thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Specifications" thiab cov ntawv qhia kev lag luam ntawm mainstream titanium anode kev lag luam). Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm titanium anodes tsis yog ib qho yooj yim electrochemical tshuaj tiv thaiv txheej txheem, tab sis kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau txoj kev qhuab qhia xws li electrochemistry, kev hloov pauv huab cua, thiab cov tshuab ua kua dej, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv electrolyte, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.

Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine evolution cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm titanium anodes tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb ntu sib law liag thiab ze ze cov tub ntxhais theem: "ion thauj - interface cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - khoom desorption". Cov khoom siv tsiv teb tsaws, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev tsim kho engineering ntawm txhua theem ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke, sib koom ua ke txiav txim siab tag nrho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov electrode. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog raws li hauv qab no:

Hauv kev lag luam chlor-alkali electrolysis txheej txheem, qhov sib xws ntawm kev faib tawm tam sim no ntawm titanium anode nto thiab lub xeev electrode deg yog qhov tseem ceeb engineering cuam tshuam rau electrode kev ua tau zoo, kev pabcuam lub neej, thiab kev siv lub zog. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev faib tam sim no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tam sim no yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov anode nto kom ntseeg tau tias txhua qhov chaw nquag tuaj yeem koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag, vim muaj qhov cuam tshuam xws li electrode ntug cuam tshuam, tsis sib xws txheej tuab, tsis sib xws electrolyte ntws, thiab cov kab mob hauv cheeb tsam ntawm daim nyias nyias, nws yooj yim ua rau tsis sib xws tam sim no ntawm qhov anode nto, tsim cov cheeb tsam siab - tam sim no. Hauv cheeb tsam siab- tam sim no yuav ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tsim hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam no, ua kom cov oxidative dissolution thiab shedding ntawm precious hlau txheej, thiab tej zaum yuav induce oxygen evolution sab kev xav, ntxiv intensifying txheej degradation, tsim ib tug vicious voj voog ntawm "lub zos siab tam sim no - txheej degradation hauv zos {{7}", thiab qhov kawg ntawm cov concentrated tam sim no. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias kev faib tawm tam sim no, cov kev ntsuas tau raug coj mus rau hauv kev lag luam: ua ntej, ua kom zoo dua cov duab geometric tsim ntawm electrode, siv cov npoo sib npaug es tsis yog txoj cai - lub kaum sab xis kom txo cov teebmeem ntawm ntug; thib ob, nruj me ntsis tswj txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej kom ntseeg tau tias txheej txheej tuab; thib peb, ua kom zoo dua cov electrolyte ncig system kom ntseeg tau tias cov dej ntws tsis sib xws hauv lub chamber anode; thib plaub, tsis tu ncua tshuaj xyuas lub xeev ntawm cov khoom siv membrane thiab hloov cov kab mob sib kis loj hauv lub sijhawm.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm electrode deg xeev, tsis xws li roughness, porosity, thiab huv si ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau chloride ion adsorption, tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom desorption efficiency, thiab npuas adhesion. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, qhov tsim nyog ntawm qhov roughness tuaj yeem txo cov npuas adhesion thiab txhim kho desorption efficiency; tab sis ntau dhau roughness yuav ua rau impurities yooj yim tso rau ntawm qhov chaw, thaiv qhov chaw nquag. Lub porosity ntawm electrode nto yuav tsum tau tswj nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim nyog ntau yam. Cov porosity siab dhau heev yuav txo cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas yog qhov yooj yim rau txheej shedding; tsis tshua muaj porosity yuav txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw nquag thiab qis catalytic efficiency. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias impurities thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm - cov khoom hauv electrolyte tau tso rau ntawm qhov chaw electrode, lawv yuav npog cov chaw ua haujlwm, txo cov kev ua catalytic, thiab ua rau muaj zog tshaj. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tsis tu ncua ntxuav thiab tswj cov electrode nto kom tshem tawm cov deposits, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nruj me ntsis tswj lub brine purity kom txo impurities nkag mus rau hauv lub electrolyzer.

Qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm titanium anodes feem ntau tsis tshwm sim ib txhij tag nrho, tab sis pib los ntawm cov chaw tsis muaj zog hauv zos thiab maj mam kis mus rau tag nrho cov electrode. Raws li kev lag luam kev lag luam, cov ntsiab lus pib ntawm anode tsis ua haujlwm feem ntau suav nrog thaj chaw hauv qab no: ua ntej, thaj tsam electrode ntug. Vim yog cov nyhuv ntug, qhov ceev tam sim no hauv cheeb tsam no feem ntau siab dua lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm installation thiab txij nkawm, lub ntug cheeb tsam yog feem ntau yuav puas los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev sib tsoo, ua rau cov txheej shedding. Qhov raug titanium substrate yuav undergo lub zos corrosion nyob rau hauv corrosive ib puag ncig, yog li ua rau tag nrho tsis ua hauj lwm; thib ob, qhov chaw vuam sib koom ua ke. Yog hais tias lub anode yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam titanium Cheebtsam welded ua ke, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem tag nrho ntawm cov vuam sib txuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev ntxhov siab uas nyob hauv yuav raug tsim tawm thaum lub sij hawm vuam, ua rau yooj yim los ntawm cov txheej hauv cheeb tsam no thiab corrosion ntawm lub substrate, dhau los ua qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm; thib peb, txheej txheej puas. Thaum lub sij hawm electrolyte ntws scouring, npuas cuam tshuam, kev ua haujlwm tu, thiab lwm yam, txheej txheej ntawm electrode nto yuav muaj khawb hauv zos, hnav thiab lwm yam kev puas tsuaj. Cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw puas raug puas tsuaj, thiab cov titanium substrate yuav raug, ua rau corrosion thiab ntxiv txheej shedding; thib plaub, hauv zos siab - thaj chaw tam sim no. Raws li tau hais dhau los, hauv zos siab- cov cheeb tsam tam sim no tsim los ntawm kev faib tsis sib xws tam sim no yuav ua rau cov txheej txheej degradation thiab dhau los ua qhov pib ua tsis tiav. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm anode tsim, tsim, installation, thiab txij nkawm txheej txheem, nws yog tsim nyog los tsom rau cov tsis muaj zog cov cheeb tsam thiab coj lub hom phiaj ntxiv dag zog rau kev ntsuas (xws li thickening txheej ntawm cov npoo, optimizing cov txheej txheem vuam, thiab standardizing txij nkawm kev khiav hauj lwm) kom ncua anode tsis ua hauj lwm thiab ntev kev pab cuam lub neej.

Kev lag luam tus nqi ntawm titanium anodes hauv chlor-alkali kev lag luam feem ntau yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txo cov nqi tsim khoom, txhim kho kev tsim khoom, thiab txuas ntxiv cov cuab yeej siv lub neej, uas ncaj qha txhim kho kev lag luam kev sib tw ntawm cov lag luam. Hais txog kev txo nqi hluav taws xob, raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov txheej txheem hlau muaj nuj nqis ntawm titanium anodes tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj chlorine evolution overpotential los ntawm 0.2-0.3V piv nrog cov tsoos graphite anodes. Noj ib qho loj - nplai chlor-alkali nroj tsuag nrog ib xyoos ib zaug tso tawm ntawm 500,000 tons ntawm caustic soda ua piv txwv, kev siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm 120,000 kWh, thiab tus nqi hluav taws xob txhua xyoo tuaj yeem txuag tau ntau dua 4 lab yuan (xws li cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm 0.8Wh). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txo nqi txij nkawm, lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm titanium anodes yog 5-8 xyoo, thaum lub graphite anodes tsuas yog 1-2 xyoo. Kev hloov ntau zaus ntawm graphite anodes yuav tsum tau them nqi zog ntau, cov khoom siv raug kaw, thiab cov nqi siv hluav taws xob. Lub neej ua haujlwm ntev ntawm titanium anodes txo qhov zaus ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob, txo lub sijhawm kaw tsis tau npaj los ntawm ntau dua 80% piv nrog graphite anodes, thiab txuag cov nqi kho thiab hloov pauv los ntawm 60-70% nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm siab catalytic thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm titanium anodes xyuas kom meej tias cov electrolyzer tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ceev dua tam sim no (txog 6 kA / m²), ua kom cov khoom tso tawm ntawm chlorine gas thiab caustic soda los ntawm 15-20% piv nrog graphite anodes nyob rau hauv tib lub ntim khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm titanium anodes txo cov khoom lag luam zoo hloov pauv, txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsis tsim nyog, thiab txhim kho kev lag luam ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab vim kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuab electrolyzer, uas yog siv los ua cov roj lossis cov khoom siv raw rau lwm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ntiaj teb cov pa roj carbon tsis zoo, ib puag ncig tus nqi ntawm titanium anodes tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, muab kev txhawb zog rau chlor-alkali kev lag luam kom ua tiav kev hloov pauv ntsuab. Ua ntej, hais txog kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab txo cov pa roj carbon monoxide, lub zog- txuag cov nyhuv ntawm titanium anodes ncaj qha txo cov pa roj carbon emissions ntawm chlor-alkali cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Raws li kev suav ntawm lub teb chaws nruab nrab carbon emission factor ntawm hluav taws xob (0.65 kg CO₂ / kWh), txhua xyoo carbon emission txo ntawm 500,000-ton / xyoo caustic soda cog siv titanium anodes tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 78,000 tons, uas pab cov lag luam ua tau raws li lub teb chaws cov pa roj carbon monoxide reduction. Thib ob, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig, titanium anodes tsis tsim cov plua plav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tsis txhob muaj kuab paug ntawm ion exchange membranes thiab electrolytes los ntawm graphite hmoov av, yog li txo qhov nyuaj thiab cov nqi kho dej khib nyiab. Cov khib nyiab tsim los ntawm kev hloov cov titanium anodes tsawg dua, thiab cov titanium substrate tuaj yeem rov siv dua thiab rov siv dua tom qab kev kho mob, txo cov khoom pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov khib nyiab graphite generated los ntawm kev hloov ntawm graphite anodes yog ib qho nyuaj rau degrade thiab rov siv dua, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab rau ib puag ncig pov tseg. Thib peb, hais txog kev txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem huv huv, titanium anodes yog cov tseem ceeb txhawb cov khoom siv niaj hnub membrane electrolysis. Membrane electrolysis thev naus laus zis, uas siv titanium anodes, tau hloov tag nrho rov qab mercury electrolysis thev naus laus zis uas ua rau muaj kuab paug hlau hnyav, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li diaphragm electrolysis thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom purity thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Kev nrov nrov thiab kev siv titanium anodes tau nrawm rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem huv huv hauv kev lag luam chlor-alkali, ua cov txheej txheem ntau lawm raws li cov kev cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig cov cai thiab cov cai.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm titanium anodes tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis ntawm chlor-alkali kev lag luam, txhim kho qib automation ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab nthuav dav daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Ua ntej, hais txog kev txhawb nqa thev naus laus zis, daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium anodes tau tsav kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev npaj electrode, electrolyzer tsim, thiab brine purification. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm siab -kev ua tau zoo sib xyaw oxide txheej rau titanium anodes tau txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem txheej txheej txheej txheej; Qhov kev thov rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm titanium anodes tau txhawb kev ua kom zoo ntawm electrolyzer qauv tsim thiab kev txhim kho ntawm brine sib sib zog nqus purification technology. Thib ob, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev txhim kho qib automation ntawm ntau lawm, lub neej ntev kev pab cuam thiab ruaj khov kev ua tau zoo ntawm titanium anodes txo qhov zaus ntawm phau ntawv kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, nteg lub hauv paus rau automation thiab ntse ua hauj lwm ntawm chlor-alkali nroj tsuag. Niaj hnub chlor-alkali nroj tsuag nruab nrog titanium anodes tuaj yeem paub tiag- lub sijhawm saib xyuas thiab kev hloov kho tsis siv neeg electrolyzer kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo (xws li qhov ceev tam sim no, electrolyte kub, thiab ntws tus nqi), txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Thib peb, hais txog kev nthuav dav daim ntawv thov, cov khoom siab tshaj - purity (chlorine gas, caustic soda) tsim los ntawm kev siv titanium anodes tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau zoo ntawm high{11}}kawg downstream industries xws li hluav taws xob tshuaj, tshuaj intermediates, thiab siab - plastics kev ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, siab -purity caustic soda ua los ntawm membrane electrolysis technology nrog titanium anodes tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob qib silicon wafers, thaum tsoos graphite anodes nyuaj los tsim cov khoom ntawm qhov zoo. Kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov teb pab cov chlor-alkali kev lag luam tshem tawm ntawm kev vam khom ntawm cov khoom qis- kawg thiab paub txog kev kho dua tshiab.

Tam sim no, titanium anodes tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv anode tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb chlor-alkali kev lag luam, thiab kev lag luam nkag mus rau hauv loj - nplai chlor-alkali nroj tsuag tau tshaj 85%. Hais txog kev siv tshuab, cov txheej txheem thermal decomposition rau kev npaj cov txheej txheem hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog qhov paub tab, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw oxide (xws li RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂) tau ua kom zoo tsis tu ncua, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm feem ntau chlor-alkali electrolyzers. Hais txog kev sib tw ua lag luam, muaj qee qhov sib txawv hauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv titanium anode thiab cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tuam txhab ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb (xws li Nippon Denki, Corning) muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheem thiab cov khoom lag luam ruaj khov, tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam siab kawg. Cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv tsev tau nrawm dua li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab kev txhim kho cov khoom lag luam, maj mam nthuav lawv txoj kev lag luam hauv nruab nrab - mus rau - qis- kev ua lag luam kawg, thiab qee lub lag luam tau pib nkag mus rau qib siab - kev lag luam kawg los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis. Hais txog kev txhawb nqa txoj cai, nrog rau lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb ntawm ntsuab thiab qis -carbon kev txhim kho, ntau lub teb chaws tau qhia cov cai los txhawb kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom huv hauv chlor{18}}alkali kev lag luam, uas tau tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhawb nqa thiab kev siv titanium anodes. Piv txwv li, Tuam Tshoj tus "14th Tsib-Xyoo Plan rau Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj" qhia meej meej los txhawb kev siv cov thev naus laus zis xws li daim nyias nyias electrolysis, uas yuav ntxiv qhov kev thov rau titanium anodes. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam tseem tab tom ntsib qee qhov teeb meem: tus nqi ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig (ruthenium, iridium) fluctuates heev, uas cuam tshuam rau cov nqi tsim khoom ntawm titanium anodes; qhov rov ua dua tus nqi ntawm cov khib nyiab titanium anodes tsawg, ua rau cov khoom siv hlau muaj nuj nqis pov tseg; kev ua tau zoo ntawm titanium anodes hauv kev ua haujlwm hnyav (xws li ultra-siab tam sim no, siab impurity cov ntsiab lus hauv electrolyte) tseem yuav tsum tau txhim kho.

Nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm chlor-alkali kev lag luam thiab kev nce qib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, titanium anodes yuav qhia plaub qhov kev loj hlob tseem ceeb yav tom ntej. Ua ntej, kev txhim kho siab - cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ntawm cov oxide txheej yuav ua kom zoo dua los txhim kho cov kev ua haujlwm catalytic thiab ruaj khov, thiab txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig (xws li tsim qis -ruthenium lossis ruthenium- cov coatings dawb) kom txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntaub ntawv txheej tshiab (xws li cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis yog- cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, cov txheej txheem polymer txheej) yuav raug tsim los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm titanium anodes. Thib ob, kev sib koom ua ke tsim ntawm electrodes thiab electrolyzers. Cov qauv tsim ntawm cov electrodes cais thiab electrolyzers muaj qee qhov kev txwv ntawm kev faib tam sim no thiab cov kua dej ntws. Lub neej yav tom ntej yuav zoo li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv siv hluav taws xob nrog cov qauv electrolyzer, ua kom zoo dua cov dej ntws thiab kev faib tawm tam sim no ntawm electrolyzer, thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm electrolysis system. Thib peb, ntse saib xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm titanium anodes. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm Internet ntawm Yam, cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab cov cuab yeej txawj ntse, cov cuab yeej ntse yuav raug ntsia rau ntawm titanium anodes kom paub txog qhov tiag - lub sij hawm saib xyuas ntawm txheej thickness, corrosion xeev, thiab tam sim no tis. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv loj, qhov kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm titanium anodes tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua tau, uas yuav txo tau cov nqi tu thiab tsis tau npaj tseg. Plaub, nthuav dav daim ntawv thov teb ntawm titanium anodes. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tshuaj chlor{17}}kev lag luam alkali, titanium anodes yuav maj mam siv rau thaj chaw tshiab xws li dej electrolysis rau hydrogen ntau lawm, seawater desalination, thiab electrochemical wastewater kho. Kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov teb yuav qhib qhov chaw lag luam tshiab rau kev lag luam titanium anode. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm dej electrolysis rau hydrogen ntau lawm, titanium anodes nrog siab catalytic kev ua si thiab corrosion kuj yuav txhim kho cov efficiency ntawm hydrogen ntau lawm thiab txo lub zog noj.