8 yam koj yuav tsum paub txog tungsten

Lub ntiaj teb tungsten resource reserves kuj muaj ntau. Muaj ntau tshaj 20 hom tungsten minerals thiab tungsten-muaj cov zaub mov uas tau tshawb pom, uas yog pawg wolframite: tungsten manganese ore, wolframite, wolframite; scheelite pawg: scheelite (calcium tungsten ore), molybdenum scheelite, tooj liab scheelite; tungsten minerals: tungsten, hydrotungsten, high-rail tungsten, yttrium tungsten, tooj liab tungsten, hydrotungsten; Cov zaub mov tsis zoo, tungusen zolsten zungsten ore, thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias ntau tshaj 20 yam tungsten minerals thiab tungsten-muaj cov zaub mov tau raug tshawb pom, tsuas yog wolframite thiab scheelite muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev lag luam mining.

Wolframite

Vim tias nws muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau tungstate thiab manganese tungstate, nws tseem hu ua tungsten manganese ore, suav txog li 30% ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej thoob ntiaj teb tungsten ore. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus hlau siab, nws yog hu ua tungsten ore, thiab yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese siab, nws hu ua wolframite. Cov xim ntawm wolframite hloov nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntsiab lus hlau thiab manganese. Cov xim muaj xws li tsaus grey, lub teeb liab liab xim av, lub teeb xim av dub, xim av thiab hlau xim av. Wolframite muaj hlau lossis semi-metallic luster, nkig, thiab muaj zog hlau nplaum. Dub tungsten ore yog tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv high-temperature hydrothermal quartz leeg. Yav qab teb Jiangxi, sab hnub tuaj Hunan, thiab sab qaum teb Guangdong hauv kuv lub teb chaws yog tag nrho cov ntiaj teb nto moo wolframite tsim cov cheeb tsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, Russia, Siberia, Myanmar, Thaib, Australia, Bolivia, thiab lwm yam kuj yog cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm wolframite ore. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Wolframite feem ntau yog siv los smelt tungsten thiab ua tungstate.

Scheelite

Scheelite yog pob tshab rau cov ntxhia pob zeb nrog lub ntsej muag lossis loj heev. Cov xim hloov nrog kev hloov ntawm molybdenum cov ntsiab lus. Cov xim zoo nkauj yog dawb, grey, lub teeb daj, lub teeb liab, lub teeb xim av, lub teeb liab, thiab ntsuab. thiab lwm yam, nrog roj luster lossis iav luster, suav txog li 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov peev txheej tungsten ntxhia. Scheelite yog luminescent thiab emits xiav lub teeb rau daj fluorescence nyob rau hauv ultraviolet lub teeb irradiation.

Scheelite yog tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag metasomatic deposits, high-temperature hydrothermal veins thiab greystone. Yaogangxian, Hunan, kuv lub teb chaws yog lub ntiaj teb nto moo qhov chaw ntawm scheelite. Tsis tas li ntawd, Dageng hauv Jiangxi, Dashunlong hauv Hunan, Wenshan hauv Yunnan, Shantang nyob rau yav qab teb Kauslim Teb, Saxony hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Cornwall hauv UK, New South Wales hauv Australia, Northern Bolivia thiab Nevada hauv Tebchaws Meskas kuj yog cov chaw tsim khoom tseem ceeb ntawm scheelite. Scheelite feem ntau yog siv los tsim ferrotungsten thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.

Lub melting point ntawm tungsten yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov hlau ntsiab, qhov ceev (19.3 g / cm³) yog siab heev, ze rau kub, thiab hardness ntawm tungsten kuj yog heev. Piv txwv li, lub hardness ntawm tungsten carbide yog ze rau pob zeb diamond. Tsis tas li ntawd, tungsten kuj muaj hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity, me me expansion coefficient thiab lwm yam ntxwv, yog li nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv alloys, electronics, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Ntawm lawv, cemented carbide yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm tungsten.

Alloy teb

Electronic field

Tungsten muaj zog plasticity, tsawg evaporation tus nqi, siab melting point, thiab muaj zog electron emission muaj peev xwm. Yog li ntawd, tungsten thiab nws cov alloys tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, tungsten filament muaj siab luminous tus nqi thiab kev pab lub neej ntev, yog li nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv manufacturing ntau yam teeb pom kev zoo filaments, xws li incandescent teeb, iodine tungsten teeb, thiab lwm yam. daim phiaj hluav taws xob oscillation raj. Raws li cov thermal cathode heaters nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov khoom ntawm tungsten kuj ua rau nws cov khoom siv electrode zoo rau TIG vuam thiab lwm yam haujlwm zoo sib xws.

Kev lag luam tshuaj

Tungsten tebchaw feem ntau yog siv los ua catalysts thiab inorganic xim. Piv txwv li, tungsten disulfide yog siv los ua cov roj nplua nyeem thiab catalyst hauv kev npaj cov roj av hluavtaws. Bronze-xim tungsten oxide yog siv rau hauv paintings. Calcium lossis magnesium tungsten feem ntau siv hauv phosphor.

Lwm thaj chaw

Vim tias qhov thermal expansion ntawm tungsten zoo ib yam li cov iav borosilicate, nws yog siv los ua iav los yog hlau ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Tungsten muaj qhov rhiab heev thiab yog li siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tungsten siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tungsten kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj siv hluav taws xob, thiab qee cov twj paj nruag kuj siv tungsten hlau.

Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm tungsten

Keeb kwm ntawm tungsten hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov miners hauv Erzgebirge Toj siab ntawm Saxony, lub teb chaws Yelemees pom tias qee cov ores yuav cuam tshuam nrog txo cov cassiterite thiab tsim cov slag. Cov miners tau muab cov pob zeb no qee lub npe hu ua German: "wolfert" thiab "wolfrahm".

Scheler Xyoo 1758, Swedish chemist thiab mineralogist Kronstedt nrhiav tau ib qho ntxhia, uas nws hu ua "tungsten", uas txhais tau tias "hnyav pob zeb" hauv Swedish. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntxhia muaj ib lub ntsiab lus uas tseem tsis tau pom.

Xyoo 1781, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele nrhiav pom scheelite thiab rho tawm tungstic acid los ntawm nws. Nws ntseeg tias cov hlau tshiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev txo cov tungstic acid.

Xyoo 1783, cov kwv tij José de Luyard thiab Faustou Deluyar kuj tau rho tawm tungstic acid los ntawm wolframite ore. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lawv siv carbon los txo tungsten trioxide thiab tau tungsten hmoov thawj zaug.

Tom qab ntawd, Jöns Jacob Berzelius thiab Friedrich Wöhler tau muab cov hlau no lub npe tshiab: wolfram, tab sis lo lus no tau lees paub ntau dua hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Scandinavia, thaum lub tebchaws United Kingdom, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws nyiam siv Kronstadt Lub npe muab rau cov hlau no yog. "tungsten".

Kev loj hlob ntawm tungsten kev lag luam

Xyoo 1841, kws tshuaj kws kho mob Robert Oxland tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj British rau txoj kev tsim cov sodium tungstate, tungstic acid thiab tungsten hlau. Qhov no yog ib qho kev nce qib loj hauv keeb kwm ntawm niaj hnub tungsten chemistry thiab qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim khoom ntawm tungsten.

Hauv xyoo 1750, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias ntxiv tungsten rau cov hlau yuav cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th uas tungsten steel tau pib tsim khoom loj thiab siv dav. High-speed steel uas muaj 20% tungsten yog thawj zaug nthuav tawm ntawm Paris Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv xyoo 1900. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau no tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej hauv kev lag luam hlau txiav thiab ua.

Nyob rau hauv 1900, Lavxias teb sab inventor А.Н.Ладыгин thawj zaug thov daim ntawv thov ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo. Xyoo 1903, Coolidge hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau siv tungsten hmoov nias, remelting, forging, thiab kos cov txheej txheem los ua tungsten hlau. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tungsten hlau txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo. Txoj kev no kuj tseem suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm kev tsim cov hmoov hlau niaj hnub. Xyoo 1909, Кулидж tau tsim cov hmoov hlau metallurgy, uas siv cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm siab kom ua tau rau tungsten kom dav siv hauv tshuab nqus tsev.

Xyoo 1925, Schrutter tau txais US patent rau kev tsim khoom ntawm tungsten carbide cobalt carbide. Txoj kev patented no tau siv thawj zaug hauv kev tsim khoom hauv Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo 1926. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom niaj hnub tungsten. Hauv 1927-1928, cemented carbide nrog tungsten carbide yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog ib theem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm tungsten kev lag luam kev loj hlob. Cov cemented carbide no tau siv dav hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no vim lawv cov khoom zoo.

GB/T 10116-2007 Ammonium paratungstate National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 4295-2008 Tungsten carbide hmoov National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 2967-2008 Casting tungsten carbide hmoov National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 23272-2009 Tungsten xaim rau teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv Tebchaws Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo, Kev Tshuaj Xyuas thiab Quarantine

GB/T 26055-2010 Regenerated tungsten carbide hmoov National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 26496-2011 Tungsten thiab tungsten alloy seem National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 26725-2011 Ultrafine tungsten carbide hmoov National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 26726-2011 Ultrafine tungsten hmoov National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

GB/T 29521-2013 Kev nyab xeeb ntau lawm specifications rau underground mining tungsten mines National Quality Supervision, Inspection thiab Inspection

GB/T 29822-2013 Tungsten-rhenium thermocouple hlau thiab indexing rooj National Quality Supervision, Inspection thiab Quarantine

GB 30039-2013 Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb rau Tungsten Carbide Powder Lub Tebchaws Kev Saib Xyuas Zoo, Kev Tshuaj Xyuas thiab Quarantine

GB/T 26496-2011 Tungsten thiab tungsten alloy seem National Quality Supervision, Tshuaj xyuas thiab cais tawm

Kev faib tawm ntawm tungsten cov peev txheej thiab khaws cia

Lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej tungsten ntxhia muaj ntau heev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog 0.001%. Muaj ntau tshaj 20 hom tungsten minerals thiab tungsten-muaj cov zaub mov uas tau tshawb pom, uas yog cov tsev neeg wolframite: wolframite, wolframite, wolframite; scheelite Mineral tsev neeg: scheelite (scheelite), molybdenum scheelite, tooj liab scheelite; tungsten minerals: tungsten, hydrotungsten, high-hlau tungsten, yttrium tungsten, tooj liab tungsten, hydrotungsten; Tsis tshua muaj tungsten minerals: tungstenite, tungstenite, molybdenite, tungstenite, tungsten bismuthite, antimony tungsten pyrochlore, titanium yttrium thoriumite (muaj tungsten), tungstenite, thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau tshaj li ntawm 0 ed, tsuas yog wolframite thiab scheelite muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam hauv mining. Wolframite suav txog li 30% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb tungsten, thiab scheelite yog li 30%. Accounting rau 70%.

Kev faib tawm hauv zos

Lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej tungsten pob zeb feem ntau yog nyob hauv Alps-Himalayas thiab Pacific Rim geological siv. Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv ob thaj chaw geological no, yog li nws muaj ntau tungsten reserves, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tuam Tshoj cov tungsten mines feem ntau yog faib raws ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm Guangdong ntawm ob sab ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub roob Nanling. Cov reserves nyob rau yav qab teb Jiangxi yog qhov loj tshaj plaws, suav nrog ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb reserves.

Lavxias teb sab tungsten ore kev pab cuam feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab seem ntawm lub Sikhote-Alin Roob nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus, Eastern Siberia thiab Far East. Cov mines loj dua suav nrog Verkhne-Kayrakty.

Tungsten ore cov peev txheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau yog nyob hauv California thiab Colorado.

Canadian tungsten ores feem ntau yog tsom rau hauv Selwyn tungsten siv, thiab cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm Cassiar batholith hauv British Columbia mus rau MacMillan ntawm ciam teb ntawm Yukon thiab Northwest Territories. ) mineral deposit extension cheeb tsam.

Lub teb chaws faib

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Geological Survey hauv 2015, thoob ntiaj teb tungsten cov peev txheej khaws cia yog kwv yees li 3.3 lab tons. Tuam Tshoj muaj cov peev txheej loj tshaj plaws ntawm tungsten ntawm 1.9 lab tons, suav txog kwv yees li 58% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog ua raws Canada (290,{7}} tons), Russia (250,{9}} tons) thiab Tebchaws Meskas (140,{11}} tons). Lwm lub tebchaws uas muaj nplua nuj tungsten reserves hauv ntiaj teb suav nrog Bolivia (53,{13}} tons), Australia (10,{15}} ton) thiab Portugal (4,200 tons).

Ntiaj teb no tungsten ntau lawm

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Geological Survey hauv 2015, thoob ntiaj teb tungsten ntau lawm hauv 2014 yog kwv yees li 82,400 tons, nce me ntsis ntawm 1% los ntawm 81,400 tons hauv 2013. Tuam Tshoj yog lub ntsiab tsim khoom ntawm tungsten. Hauv xyoo 2014, nws cov tungsten ore tso tawm yog 68,{10}} tons, suav txog kwv yees li 84% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no tau ua raws li Russia (3,600 tons) thiab Canada (2,200 tons). Lwm lub tebchaws uas muaj tungsten ore ntau lawm suav nrog Nyab Laj (2000), Bolivia (1300 tons), Austria (850 tons), Congo (800 tons), Portugal (700 tons), Rwanda (700 tons) thiab Australia (600 tons).

Tuam Tshoj tus tungsten ntau lawm thiab mining ntsuas los ntawm 2002 txog 2013

Tungsten cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv

Raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm tungsten thiab nws cov khoom txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, qhov kev siv ntawm tungsten tau dhau los ua qhov dav thiab dav, thiab qhov kev hem thawj ntawm tungsten cov pa phem rau ib puag ncig kuj tseem nce ntxiv. Raws li ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tshuaj hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob thiab cuam tshuam kev sib pauv biochemical, tib neeg yuav tsum tau pib ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tungsten rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

Feem ntau ntawm cov tungsten uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lub cev los ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab lub cev tawm hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Ib qho me me ntawm tungsten uas nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov pob txha, rau tes lossis cov plaub hau rau lub sijhawm ua ntej tso tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tungsten tebchaw, xws li carbonized ntev ntev raug rau tungsten plua plav, sodium tungstate, tungsten oxide, tungsten carbide, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem ua rau tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag, ua rau mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag, ua rau cov kab mob ua pa xws li mob hawb pob, thiab ua rau mob plab hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Exeter hauv UK tau pom qhov sib txuas ntawm cov neeg uas muaj tungsten siab hauv lawv cov zis thiab cov neeg mob stroke siab, thiab qhov tshwm sim no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov poj niam thiab cov hnub nyoog qis dua 50 xyoo. Txawm hais tias tom qab suav nrog lwm yam kev pheej hmoo xws li hnub nyoog, kev lag luam hauv zej zog, kev haus luam yeeb, lub cev qhov hnyav, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev haus cawv, cov neeg raug tungsten hlau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab mob stroke ntau dua li lwm tus. Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau hais tias thaum lwm cov hlau feem ntau siv nrog tungsten, xws li npib tsib xee thiab tooj liab, kuj tseem tuaj yeem txuas rau cov kab mob stroke, cov kab mob ntawm cov mob stroke ntau qhia tau hais tias tungsten yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Tungsten muaj kuab paug tiv thaiv kev ntsuas

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv tshwm sim los ntawm kev raug ntau ntawm tungsten, cov hauv qab no tau pom zoo:

Kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub chaw tsim khoom lossis kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum mus rau hauv tsev kho mob tsis tu ncua los xyuas seb cov ntsiab lus tungsten hauv lub cev puas dhau tus qauv los ntawm kev saib xyuas kev kho mob.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm ib puag ncig hauv kev lag luam tungsten yuav tsum ntsuas xws li hnav lub ntsej muag roj, hnab looj tes, qhov muag, thiab cov khaub ncaws tsis muaj plua plav.

Cov tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum tshaj tawm cov lus qhia txog kev nyab xeeb thiab kev noj qab haus huv hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm tungsten. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum tau ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov plua plav tawm, ua kev cob qhia tu thiab kev tsim cov khib nyiab pov tseg raws sij hawm los tiv thaiv cov pa phem thib ob.

Lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum sim tsis txhob siv dej thiab zaub mov uas muaj tungsten. Cov chaw nyob yuav tsum nyob deb deb ntawm tungsten muaj kuab paug los yog cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm li sai tau.

Tungsten beneficiation txheej txheem

Tungsten Ore Processing Tam sim no, kev txhim kho thiab kev siv tungsten ore hauv kuv lub teb chaws feem ntau yog wolframite ore, ua raws li scheelite ore. Txawm hais tias scheelite reserves loj, muaj ob peb nplua nuj ores, qib qis, thiab ntau refractory ores, yog li cov mining ntim tsuas yog kwv yees li 10% ntawm tungsten ore ntau lawm. Txawm hais tias cov reserves ntawm wolframite ore yog me dua cov scheelite, muaj ntau cov nplua nuj ore thiab lawv yooj yim rau kuv thiab tshuaj ntsuam. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov mining ntim rau ntau tshaj 90% ntawm tungsten ore ntau lawm. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev pab cuam ntawm tungsten yog raws li hauv qab no:

Kev sib cais ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus: Ib txoj hauv kev xaiv cov ore raws li cov ntxhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab lossis nruab nrab ntws (tsuas yog dej). Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv no yog cov khoom siv yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tsawg. Cov txheej txheem sib cais sib cais muaj xws li hnyav nruab nrab xaiv, xaiv jig, xaiv shaker, xaiv chute, xaiv centrifugal, thiab lwm yam.

Flotation: Nws yog txoj kev siv cov ntxhia ntau tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev los cais cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm ores raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av. Flotation yog tsim rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab micro-grained, nrog rau cov pob zeb hauv av zoo me dua 10 μm uas nyuaj rau rov qab los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev ua ntxhia. Union Carbide Corporation ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau tsim "cov txheej txheem txiv qaub" rau flotation ntawm scheelite, thiab shear flocculation flotation kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv flotation ntawm scheelite los ntawm ib co factories.

Sib nqus sib cais: Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev uas siv cov hlau nplaum tshem tawm cov hlau tsis huv hauv cov roj. Daim ntawv thov sib nqus sib nqus yog siv qhov sib nqus sib nqus ntawm ntau yam ores lossis cov khoom siv los ua cov txheej txheem sib cais raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub zog sib nqus thiab lwm yam quab yuam.

Elutriation: Ib txoj hauv kev sib cais cov zaub mov raws li lawv qhov ceev. Muab cov xuab zeb qauv tso rau hauv ib lub lauj kaub xuab zeb uas muaj dej thiab rov co dua, do thiab ntxuav nws. Cov ntxhia hnyav yuav nyob hauv qab ntawm lub lauj kaub, thiab lub teeb cov zaub mov yuav ntab tawm nrog dej, yog li cais cov teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov ntxhia hnyav.

Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm wolframite hauv kuv lub teb chaws feem ntau yog siv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus sib cais, nrog tus nqi rov qab ntawm 92-93%. Qee zaum, flotation thiab sib nqus sib cais kuj siv. Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm scheelite yog ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ore dissipation, siv kev sib cais ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab flotation, los yog ib txoj kev flotation, los yog txoj kev elutriation. Qee zaum, nws tseem yog pre-enriched, thiab yog thawj zaug xaiv los ntawm cov ore raw siv lub tshuab ultraviolet fluorescent sorting tshuab. Ib nrab ntawm cov pob zeb pov tseg yog tom qab ntawd ua tiav rau kev ua cov ntxhia, thiab tus nqi rov qab ntawm scheelite nce mus txog 90-96%.

Tungsten smelting txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem smelting ntawm tungsten suav nrog cov kauj ruam ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, tungsten compound purification, tungsten hmoov thiab ntom tungsten ntau lawm.

Tungsten concentrate decomposition txoj kev: hluav taws txoj kev thiab txoj kev ntub dej.

① Cov txheej txheem sodium carbonate sintering feem ntau yog siv rau kev tua hluav taws. Txoj kev no yog muab wolframite mloog zoo thiab sodium carbonate ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug teb kiln thiab sinter lawv ntawm 800 mus rau 900 degree. Thaum ua tiav scheelite mloog zoo, quartz xuab zeb yuav tsum tau ntxiv kom tau txais calcium orthosilicate nrog tsawg solubility. Qhov kub ntawm sintering yog li 1000 degree. Tom qab li ob teev ntawm sintering, tus nqi decomposition ntawm cov concentrate tuaj yeem ncav cuag 98-99.5%. Cov khoom siv sintered yog leached nrog dej ntawm 80-90 degree thiab lim kom tau sodium tungstate tov thiab insoluble residue.

② Txoj kev ntub dej yog muab faib ua alkali decomposition method thiab acid decomposition method. Thaum decomposing wolframite concentrate, siv cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide los ntxuav ntawm qhov kub ntawm 110 txog 130 degree lossis siab dua. Cov scheelite concentrate yog leached nrog sodium carbonate tov nyob rau hauv ib qho autoclave ntawm 200-230 degree, los yog decomposed nrog hydrochloric acid ntawm 90 degree kom tau cov khoom crude tungsten acid. Tus nqi decomposition ntawm ntub-ua tiav tungsten concentrate tuaj yeem ncav cuag 98-99%.

Tungsten compound purification

Cov impurities xws li silicon, phosphorus thiab arsenic muaj nyob rau hauv sodium tungstate tov yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sodium silicate, sodium hydrogen phosphate thiab sodium hydrogen arsenate feem nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Boil cov tshuaj thiab neutralize nws nrog dilute hydrochloric acid. Thaum pH ntawm cov tshuaj yog 8 mus rau 9, sodium silicate yog hydrolyzed rau hauv silicic acid thiab condenses thiab precipitates. Magnesium chloride thiab ammonium chloride tov yog ntxiv los ua phosphorus thiab arsenic tsim ammonium magnesium phosphate thiab arsenic acid nrog solubility tsawg heev. Ammonium thiab magnesium yog precipitated thiab tshem tawm.

Ntxiv sodium sulfide rau sodium tungstate tov, molybdenum tsim sodium thiomolybdate ua ntej tungsten, neutralize nws nrog hydrochloric acid, thiab thaum pH ntawm cov tshuaj yog 2.5 rau 3. 0, molybdenum precipitates rau insoluble molybdenum trisulfide thiab tshem tawm . Calcium chloride tov yog ntxiv rau purified sodium tungstate tov kom tau calcium tungstate (CaWO) nag lossis daus. Calcium tungstate precipitate yog decomposed nrog hydrochloric acid kom tau txais kev lag luam tungstic acid. Cov tungstic acid yog calcined ntawm 700-800 degree kom tau txais kev lag luam ntshiab trioxide. Tungsten oxide

Txhawm rau npaj cov tshuaj ntshiab tungsten trioxide, muaj tungstic acid tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej ammonia kom tau txais cov tshuaj ammonium tungstate, tawm hauv cov impurities xws li silicon hauv cov slag. Cov tshuaj tau evaporated thiab crystallized kom tau flaky ammonium paratungstate [5(NH) O 12WO 5H O] muaju. Txij li thaum lub solubility ntawm ammonium paramolybdate yog ntau dua li ntawm ammonium paratungstate, molybdenum cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonium paratungstate crystals txo qis tom qab crystallization. Tom qab ziab ammonium paratungstate, nws yog calcined ntawm 500-800 degree kom tau cov tshuaj ntshiab tungsten trioxide. Hauv xyoo 1970s, tertiary amine (RN) txoj kev los yog txoj kev tau siv los hloov cov tshuaj sodium tungstate rau hauv ammonium tungstate tov, uas ua kom yooj yim cov txheej txheem thiab nce tus nqi rov qab ntawm tungsten.

Tungsten hmoov ntau lawm

Txoj kev tsim cov tungsten hmoov muaj xws li hydrogen txo, carbon txo thiab hlau thermal txo. Txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no yog txoj kev txo hydrogen ntawm thawj lossis theem nrab hydrogen txo ntawm tungsten trioxide lossis xiav tungsten oxide. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm cov particle loj, particle loj thiab particle loj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tungsten hmoov. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem xiav tungsten oxide doping zoo dua. Thawj txoj kev txo qis txuag hluav taws xob, hydrogen thiab dej txias dua li txoj kev txo qis thib ob. Tus nqi ntawm tungsten hmoov yog tsawg, tab sis qhov kev tsim khoom yog qhov nyuaj.

Kev npaj tuab tungsten

Tungsten hmoov yog tsim, sintered, melted thiab lwm yam txheej txheem kom tau tungsten ntom. Kev lag luam, cov hmoov metallurgy txoj kev siv, uas yog, siv tungsten hmoov los yog tungsten hmoov uas muaj additives, molding - pre-sintering - ntsug melting sintering thiab isostatic nias - indirect sintering rau hauv strips (doped strips, alloy strips) Muaj ob txoj kev. Cov txheej txheem qub feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom me me, thaum cov khoom siv tungsten high-purity feem ntau electron beam melted.

Ua tungsten strips los ntawm tungsten hmoov mas mus los ntawm ob txheej txheem: sib sau thiab sintering:

① Kev tsim kho. Muaj ob txoj kev: molding (mechanical forming method) thiab isostatic pressing. Cov qub no feem ntau tsuas yog siv los nias billets nrog me me thiab qhov hnyav. Nws yooj yim dua rau kev khiav lag luam thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov loj thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov billet, tab sis qhov compact ntom me me thiab tsis sib xws. Cov txheej txheem isostatic nias tuaj yeem nias billets nrog cov khoom hnyav thiab qhov loj me (cov duab muaj xws li puag ncig, duab plaub thiab duab plaub), lub raj blanks thiab complex qhov chaw, thiab cov compact ntom yog siab thiab uniform. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev cog lus yog qhov phem dua li cov txheej txheem molding, thiab machining thiab shaping feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua ntej sintering.

②Sintering. Muaj ntsug sintering (direct sintering method) thiab indirect sintering txoj kev. Ua ntej sintering, lub compact yuav tsum tau pre-sintered kom tshem tawm cov tsim tus neeg sawv cev. Vertical fusion sintering tsuas yog siv rau sintering me me billets. Txoj kev tsis ncaj sintering tau muab faib ua hydrogen tiv thaiv sintering thiab nqus sintering txheej txheem, uas tuaj yeem sinter loj-loj tungsten billets lossis tungsten qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau machined.

Cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm tungsten recycling

Nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam tungsten, kev noj cov khoom siv tungsten hlau yog nce, thiab cov peev txheej rov qab los tau tsawg dua. Yog li ntawd, kev rov ua dua thiab siv tungsten tau nyiam cov neeg tseem ceeb thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lub tebchaws xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Russia tau tsim cov tswv yim tungsten. Txhawm rau tseg, Nyij Pooj tau tsim tshwj xeeb Tungsten Recycling Committee (WR Committee) nyob rau xyoo 1775. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam tungsten, qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab tungsten thev naus laus zis, nplai thiab kev sib tw dav yog seb lub tuam txhab puas tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv tungsten thib ob hauv ib puag ncig. tus phooj ywg zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, piv nrog tungsten concentrate, tungsten cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khib nyiab tungsten Nws yog siab thiab yooj yim rau rov ua dua, yog li kev rov ua dua thiab rov siv dua ntawm tungsten tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tungsten.

Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb cov khoom ntawm tungsten feem ntau muaj ob feem. Ib feem yog cov khoom siv tshiab tungsten concentrate, uas suav txog li 76% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv tungsten, 66% ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau qhov kawg tungsten cov khoom, thiab 10% ua pov tseg hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Rov tsim tawm. Lwm qhov yog los ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom siv thib ob los ntawm tungsten, uas yog, rov ua dua cov khoom pov tseg hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tungsten thiab kawg cov khoom siv pov tseg, xws li khib nyiab cemented carbide, tungsten cov ntaub ntawv, hlau alloy, thiab tungsten tiv tauj cov ntaub ntawv. zoo li tshuaj catalysts, thiab lwm yam., qhov no suav nrog kwv yees li 24%.

tungsten recycling txoj kev

Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm tungsten thib ob cov peev txheej hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov thev naus laus zis rau kev rov ua dua tungsten cov peev txheej kuj nce ntxiv. Feem ntau suav nrog cov txheej txheem crushing tshuab, txoj kev saltpeter, zinc melting method, electrolysis method, leaching method, txo txoj kev, thiab roasting method. - Ammonia leaching method, thiab lwm yam. Qee txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab tau maj mam tshem tawm vim muaj kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig loj thiab tus nqi rov qab qis, xws li kev tsim cov APT los ntawm cov dej qab zib sintering. Qee qhov kev rov ua dua tshiab kuj tau tshwm sim, xws li tungsten hauv cov kua tom qab tungsten smelting thiab pauv. Txoj kev rov qab los; txoj kev tsim los ntawm J. Arvidson los npaj cov hlau- thiab tungsten-muaj cov ntaub ntawv pib los ntawm cemented carbide hmoov, ntshiab WC los yog crane ore, thiab lwm yam.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam tungsten rov siv dua

Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam tungsten rov ua dua tau pib lig, thiab kev rov ua dua thiab siv cov khoom seem tungsten kuj tsawg, tsuas yog 10% ntawm cov khoom siv tungsten, thaum cov khoom siv tungsten siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws yog feem ntau siab dua 30%. Qhov chaw rov ua dua ntawm tungsten theem nrab cov peev txheej hauv kuv lub teb chaws kuj yog qhov nqaim, feem ntau yog concentrated hauv cemented carbide thiab tshuaj catalysts. Qhov chaw rov ua dua yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov alloys thiab sodium tungstate. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab ua rau muaj kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig loj. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev siv cov peev txheej zoo, peb lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov khoom siv tungsten rov ua dua tshiab, ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nqi qis, cov khoom zoo, qib siab thiab siab purity tungsten recycling technology, thiab txhim kho. qhov kev rov qab zoo ntawm tungsten thiab cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. , tig cov peev txheej zoo rau hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis.

Tungsten Filament Rau Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob

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